Add standalone asio library

version 1.10.6
master
Ryan Lee 2016-04-16 14:33:51 -07:00
parent 75989895b0
commit f114fc3b6a
3717 changed files with 433897 additions and 0 deletions

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cmake/FindAsio.cmake Normal file
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# The following variables will be defined:
#
# ASIO_ROOT
# ASIO_INCLUDE_DIR
# ASIO_DEFINES
#
# No ASIO_LIBRARIES because it's header only library.
#
# ============================================================================
# Find ASIO header directory
# ============================================================================
set (ASIO_ROOT ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/libs/asio)
set (ASIO_INCLUDE_DIR ${ASIO_ROOT}/include)
# ============================================================================
# Add definitions
# ============================================================================

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src/libs/asio/COPYING Normal file
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Copyright (c) 2003-2014 Christopher M. Kohlhoff (chris at kohlhoff dot com)
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)

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src/libs/asio/INSTALL Normal file
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See doc/index.html for information on:
- External dependencies
- Using asio
- Supported platforms
- How to build the tests and examples

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Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
do so, all subject to the following:
The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
a source language processor.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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4
src/libs/asio/README Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
asio version 1.10.6
Released Tuesday, 24 March 2015.
See doc/index.html for API documentation and a tutorial.

1185
src/libs/asio/aclocal.m4 vendored Normal file

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343
src/libs/asio/compile Executable file
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#! /bin/sh
# Wrapper for compilers which do not understand '-c -o'.
scriptversion=2012-03-05.13; # UTC
# Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2012 Free
# Software Foundation, Inc.
# Written by Tom Tromey <tromey@cygnus.com>.
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
# any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# As a special exception to the GNU General Public License, if you
# distribute this file as part of a program that contains a
# configuration script generated by Autoconf, you may include it under
# the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that program.
# This file is maintained in Automake, please report
# bugs to <bug-automake@gnu.org> or send patches to
# <automake-patches@gnu.org>.
nl='
'
# We need space, tab and new line, in precisely that order. Quoting is
# there to prevent tools from complaining about whitespace usage.
IFS=" "" $nl"
file_conv=
# func_file_conv build_file lazy
# Convert a $build file to $host form and store it in $file
# Currently only supports Windows hosts. If the determined conversion
# type is listed in (the comma separated) LAZY, no conversion will
# take place.
func_file_conv ()
{
file=$1
case $file in
/ | /[!/]*) # absolute file, and not a UNC file
if test -z "$file_conv"; then
# lazily determine how to convert abs files
case `uname -s` in
MINGW*)
file_conv=mingw
;;
CYGWIN*)
file_conv=cygwin
;;
*)
file_conv=wine
;;
esac
fi
case $file_conv/,$2, in
*,$file_conv,*)
;;
mingw/*)
file=`cmd //C echo "$file " | sed -e 's/"\(.*\) " *$/\1/'`
;;
cygwin/*)
file=`cygpath -m "$file" || echo "$file"`
;;
wine/*)
file=`winepath -w "$file" || echo "$file"`
;;
esac
;;
esac
}
# func_cl_dashL linkdir
# Make cl look for libraries in LINKDIR
func_cl_dashL ()
{
func_file_conv "$1"
if test -z "$lib_path"; then
lib_path=$file
else
lib_path="$lib_path;$file"
fi
linker_opts="$linker_opts -LIBPATH:$file"
}
# func_cl_dashl library
# Do a library search-path lookup for cl
func_cl_dashl ()
{
lib=$1
found=no
save_IFS=$IFS
IFS=';'
for dir in $lib_path $LIB
do
IFS=$save_IFS
if $shared && test -f "$dir/$lib.dll.lib"; then
found=yes
lib=$dir/$lib.dll.lib
break
fi
if test -f "$dir/$lib.lib"; then
found=yes
lib=$dir/$lib.lib
break
fi
done
IFS=$save_IFS
if test "$found" != yes; then
lib=$lib.lib
fi
}
# func_cl_wrapper cl arg...
# Adjust compile command to suit cl
func_cl_wrapper ()
{
# Assume a capable shell
lib_path=
shared=:
linker_opts=
for arg
do
if test -n "$eat"; then
eat=
else
case $1 in
-o)
# configure might choose to run compile as 'compile cc -o foo foo.c'.
eat=1
case $2 in
*.o | *.[oO][bB][jJ])
func_file_conv "$2"
set x "$@" -Fo"$file"
shift
;;
*)
func_file_conv "$2"
set x "$@" -Fe"$file"
shift
;;
esac
;;
-I)
eat=1
func_file_conv "$2" mingw
set x "$@" -I"$file"
shift
;;
-I*)
func_file_conv "${1#-I}" mingw
set x "$@" -I"$file"
shift
;;
-l)
eat=1
func_cl_dashl "$2"
set x "$@" "$lib"
shift
;;
-l*)
func_cl_dashl "${1#-l}"
set x "$@" "$lib"
shift
;;
-L)
eat=1
func_cl_dashL "$2"
;;
-L*)
func_cl_dashL "${1#-L}"
;;
-static)
shared=false
;;
-Wl,*)
arg=${1#-Wl,}
save_ifs="$IFS"; IFS=','
for flag in $arg; do
IFS="$save_ifs"
linker_opts="$linker_opts $flag"
done
IFS="$save_ifs"
;;
-Xlinker)
eat=1
linker_opts="$linker_opts $2"
;;
-*)
set x "$@" "$1"
shift
;;
*.cc | *.CC | *.cxx | *.CXX | *.[cC]++)
func_file_conv "$1"
set x "$@" -Tp"$file"
shift
;;
*.c | *.cpp | *.CPP | *.lib | *.LIB | *.Lib | *.OBJ | *.obj | *.[oO])
func_file_conv "$1" mingw
set x "$@" "$file"
shift
;;
*)
set x "$@" "$1"
shift
;;
esac
fi
shift
done
if test -n "$linker_opts"; then
linker_opts="-link$linker_opts"
fi
exec "$@" $linker_opts
exit 1
}
eat=
case $1 in
'')
echo "$0: No command. Try '$0 --help' for more information." 1>&2
exit 1;
;;
-h | --h*)
cat <<\EOF
Usage: compile [--help] [--version] PROGRAM [ARGS]
Wrapper for compilers which do not understand '-c -o'.
Remove '-o dest.o' from ARGS, run PROGRAM with the remaining
arguments, and rename the output as expected.
If you are trying to build a whole package this is not the
right script to run: please start by reading the file 'INSTALL'.
Report bugs to <bug-automake@gnu.org>.
EOF
exit $?
;;
-v | --v*)
echo "compile $scriptversion"
exit $?
;;
cl | *[/\\]cl | cl.exe | *[/\\]cl.exe )
func_cl_wrapper "$@" # Doesn't return...
;;
esac
ofile=
cfile=
for arg
do
if test -n "$eat"; then
eat=
else
case $1 in
-o)
# configure might choose to run compile as 'compile cc -o foo foo.c'.
# So we strip '-o arg' only if arg is an object.
eat=1
case $2 in
*.o | *.obj)
ofile=$2
;;
*)
set x "$@" -o "$2"
shift
;;
esac
;;
*.c)
cfile=$1
set x "$@" "$1"
shift
;;
*)
set x "$@" "$1"
shift
;;
esac
fi
shift
done
if test -z "$ofile" || test -z "$cfile"; then
# If no '-o' option was seen then we might have been invoked from a
# pattern rule where we don't need one. That is ok -- this is a
# normal compilation that the losing compiler can handle. If no
# '.c' file was seen then we are probably linking. That is also
# ok.
exec "$@"
fi
# Name of file we expect compiler to create.
cofile=`echo "$cfile" | sed 's|^.*[\\/]||; s|^[a-zA-Z]:||; s/\.c$/.o/'`
# Create the lock directory.
# Note: use '[/\\:.-]' here to ensure that we don't use the same name
# that we are using for the .o file. Also, base the name on the expected
# object file name, since that is what matters with a parallel build.
lockdir=`echo "$cofile" | sed -e 's|[/\\:.-]|_|g'`.d
while true; do
if mkdir "$lockdir" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
break
fi
sleep 1
done
# FIXME: race condition here if user kills between mkdir and trap.
trap "rmdir '$lockdir'; exit 1" 1 2 15
# Run the compile.
"$@"
ret=$?
if test -f "$cofile"; then
test "$cofile" = "$ofile" || mv "$cofile" "$ofile"
elif test -f "${cofile}bj"; then
test "${cofile}bj" = "$ofile" || mv "${cofile}bj" "$ofile"
fi
rmdir "$lockdir"
exit $ret
# Local Variables:
# mode: shell-script
# sh-indentation: 2
# eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
# time-stamp-start: "scriptversion="
# time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H"
# time-stamp-time-zone: "UTC"
# time-stamp-end: "; # UTC"
# End:

1530
src/libs/asio/config.guess vendored Executable file

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1782
src/libs/asio/config.sub vendored Executable file

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6496
src/libs/asio/configure vendored Executable file

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265
src/libs/asio/configure.ac Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
AC_INIT(asio, [1.10.6])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(include/asio.hpp)
AM_MAINTAINER_MODE
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([tar-ustar])
AC_CANONICAL_HOST
AM_PROG_CC_C_O
AC_PROG_CXX
AC_LANG(C++)
AC_PROG_RANLIB
AC_DEFINE(_REENTRANT, [1], [Define this])
AC_ARG_WITH(boost,
AC_HELP_STRING([--with-boost=DIR],[location of boost distribution]),
[
if test "${withval}" = no; then
STANDALONE="yes"
else
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${withval}"
LIBS="$LIBS -L${withval}/stage/lib"
fi
],
[
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_55_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
LIBS="$LIBS -L${BOOSTDIR}/stage/lib"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_54_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
LIBS="$LIBS -L${BOOSTDIR}/stage/lib"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_53_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_52_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_51_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_50_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_49_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_48_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_47_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_46_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_46_1"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_45_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_44_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_43_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_42_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_41_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_40_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_39_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_38_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_37_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_36_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_35_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_34_1"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_34_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_33_1"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
else
BOOSTDIR="`pwd`/../boost_1_33_0"
if test -d "${BOOSTDIR}"; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${BOOSTDIR}"
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
])
AC_ARG_ENABLE(separate-compilation,
[ --enable-separate-compilation separate compilation of asio source],
[
SEPARATE_COMPILATION=yes
])
AC_ARG_ENABLE(boost-coroutine,
[ --enable-boost-coroutine use Boost.Coroutine to implement stackful coroutines],
[
HAVE_BOOST_COROUTINE=yes
])
if test "$STANDALONE" != yes; then
AC_CHECK_HEADER([boost/noncopyable.hpp],,
[
echo "Can't find boost headers. Please check the location of the boost"
echo "distribution and rerun configure using the --with-boost=DIR option."
exit 1
],[])
fi
AC_ARG_WITH(openssl,
AC_HELP_STRING([--with-openssl=DIR],[location of openssl]),
[
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I${withval}"
],[])
AC_CHECK_HEADER([openssl/ssl.h],,
[
OPENSSL_FOUND=no
],[])
if test x$OPENSSL_FOUND != xno; then
LIBS="$LIBS -lssl -lcrypto"
fi
AM_CONDITIONAL(HAVE_OPENSSL,test x$OPENSSL_FOUND != xno)
WINDOWS=no
case $host in
*-*-linux*)
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -pthread"
LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -pthread"
;;
*-*-solaris*)
if test "$GXX" = yes; then
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -D_PTHREADS"
else
# We'll assume Sun's CC.
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -mt"
fi
LIBS="$LIBS -lsocket -lnsl -lpthread"
;;
*-*-mingw32*)
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -mthreads"
LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -mthreads"
LIBS="$LIBS -lws2_32 -lmswsock"
WINDOWS=yes
;;
*-pc-cygwin*)
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -D__USE_W32_SOCKETS -D_WIN32_WINNT=0x0501"
LIBS="$LIBS -lws2_32 -lmswsock"
WINDOWS=yes
;;
*-apple-darwin*)
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS"
;;
*-*-freebsd*)
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -pthread"
LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -pthread"
;;
*-*-netbsd*)
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -pthread"
LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -pthread"
;;
esac
if test "$GXX" = yes; then
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -ftemplate-depth-256"
if test "$STANDALONE" = yes; then
CPPFLAGS="-std=c++0x $CPPFLAGS"
fi
fi
if test "$STANDALONE" = yes; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -DASIO_STANDALONE"
fi
if test "$SEPARATE_COMPILATION" = yes; then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -DASIO_SEPARATE_COMPILATION"
fi
AM_CONDITIONAL(STANDALONE,test x$STANDALONE = xyes)
AM_CONDITIONAL(SEPARATE_COMPILATION,test x$SEPARATE_COMPILATION = xyes)
AM_CONDITIONAL(HAVE_BOOST_COROUTINE,test x$HAVE_BOOST_COROUTINE = xyes)
AM_CONDITIONAL(WINDOWS_TARGET,test x$WINDOWS != xno)
AC_OUTPUT([
Makefile
include/Makefile
src/Makefile
src/tests/Makefile
src/examples/cpp03/Makefile
src/examples/cpp11/Makefile])

708
src/libs/asio/depcomp Executable file
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@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
#! /bin/sh
# depcomp - compile a program generating dependencies as side-effects
scriptversion=2012-03-27.16; # UTC
# Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010,
# 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
# any later version.
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# As a special exception to the GNU General Public License, if you
# distribute this file as part of a program that contains a
# configuration script generated by Autoconf, you may include it under
# the same distribution terms that you use for the rest of that program.
# Originally written by Alexandre Oliva <oliva@dcc.unicamp.br>.
case $1 in
'')
echo "$0: No command. Try '$0 --help' for more information." 1>&2
exit 1;
;;
-h | --h*)
cat <<\EOF
Usage: depcomp [--help] [--version] PROGRAM [ARGS]
Run PROGRAMS ARGS to compile a file, generating dependencies
as side-effects.
Environment variables:
depmode Dependency tracking mode.
source Source file read by 'PROGRAMS ARGS'.
object Object file output by 'PROGRAMS ARGS'.
DEPDIR directory where to store dependencies.
depfile Dependency file to output.
tmpdepfile Temporary file to use when outputting dependencies.
libtool Whether libtool is used (yes/no).
Report bugs to <bug-automake@gnu.org>.
EOF
exit $?
;;
-v | --v*)
echo "depcomp $scriptversion"
exit $?
;;
esac
# A tabulation character.
tab=' '
# A newline character.
nl='
'
if test -z "$depmode" || test -z "$source" || test -z "$object"; then
echo "depcomp: Variables source, object and depmode must be set" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
# Dependencies for sub/bar.o or sub/bar.obj go into sub/.deps/bar.Po.
depfile=${depfile-`echo "$object" |
sed 's|[^\\/]*$|'${DEPDIR-.deps}'/&|;s|\.\([^.]*\)$|.P\1|;s|Pobj$|Po|'`}
tmpdepfile=${tmpdepfile-`echo "$depfile" | sed 's/\.\([^.]*\)$/.T\1/'`}
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
# Some modes work just like other modes, but use different flags. We
# parameterize here, but still list the modes in the big case below,
# to make depend.m4 easier to write. Note that we *cannot* use a case
# here, because this file can only contain one case statement.
if test "$depmode" = hp; then
# HP compiler uses -M and no extra arg.
gccflag=-M
depmode=gcc
fi
if test "$depmode" = dashXmstdout; then
# This is just like dashmstdout with a different argument.
dashmflag=-xM
depmode=dashmstdout
fi
cygpath_u="cygpath -u -f -"
if test "$depmode" = msvcmsys; then
# This is just like msvisualcpp but w/o cygpath translation.
# Just convert the backslash-escaped backslashes to single forward
# slashes to satisfy depend.m4
cygpath_u='sed s,\\\\,/,g'
depmode=msvisualcpp
fi
if test "$depmode" = msvc7msys; then
# This is just like msvc7 but w/o cygpath translation.
# Just convert the backslash-escaped backslashes to single forward
# slashes to satisfy depend.m4
cygpath_u='sed s,\\\\,/,g'
depmode=msvc7
fi
if test "$depmode" = xlc; then
# IBM C/C++ Compilers xlc/xlC can output gcc-like dependency informations.
gccflag=-qmakedep=gcc,-MF
depmode=gcc
fi
case "$depmode" in
gcc3)
## gcc 3 implements dependency tracking that does exactly what
## we want. Yay! Note: for some reason libtool 1.4 doesn't like
## it if -MD -MP comes after the -MF stuff. Hmm.
## Unfortunately, FreeBSD c89 acceptance of flags depends upon
## the command line argument order; so add the flags where they
## appear in depend2.am. Note that the slowdown incurred here
## affects only configure: in makefiles, %FASTDEP% shortcuts this.
for arg
do
case $arg in
-c) set fnord "$@" -MT "$object" -MD -MP -MF "$tmpdepfile" "$arg" ;;
*) set fnord "$@" "$arg" ;;
esac
shift # fnord
shift # $arg
done
"$@"
stat=$?
if test $stat -eq 0; then :
else
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
exit $stat
fi
mv "$tmpdepfile" "$depfile"
;;
gcc)
## There are various ways to get dependency output from gcc. Here's
## why we pick this rather obscure method:
## - Don't want to use -MD because we'd like the dependencies to end
## up in a subdir. Having to rename by hand is ugly.
## (We might end up doing this anyway to support other compilers.)
## - The DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT environment variable makes gcc act like
## -MM, not -M (despite what the docs say).
## - Using -M directly means running the compiler twice (even worse
## than renaming).
if test -z "$gccflag"; then
gccflag=-MD,
fi
"$@" -Wp,"$gccflag$tmpdepfile"
stat=$?
if test $stat -eq 0; then :
else
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
exit $stat
fi
rm -f "$depfile"
echo "$object : \\" > "$depfile"
alpha=ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
## The second -e expression handles DOS-style file names with drive letters.
sed -e 's/^[^:]*: / /' \
-e 's/^['$alpha']:\/[^:]*: / /' < "$tmpdepfile" >> "$depfile"
## This next piece of magic avoids the "deleted header file" problem.
## The problem is that when a header file which appears in a .P file
## is deleted, the dependency causes make to die (because there is
## typically no way to rebuild the header). We avoid this by adding
## dummy dependencies for each header file. Too bad gcc doesn't do
## this for us directly.
tr ' ' "$nl" < "$tmpdepfile" |
## Some versions of gcc put a space before the ':'. On the theory
## that the space means something, we add a space to the output as
## well. hp depmode also adds that space, but also prefixes the VPATH
## to the object. Take care to not repeat it in the output.
## Some versions of the HPUX 10.20 sed can't process this invocation
## correctly. Breaking it into two sed invocations is a workaround.
sed -e 's/^\\$//' -e '/^$/d' -e "s|.*$object$||" -e '/:$/d' \
| sed -e 's/$/ :/' >> "$depfile"
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
;;
hp)
# This case exists only to let depend.m4 do its work. It works by
# looking at the text of this script. This case will never be run,
# since it is checked for above.
exit 1
;;
sgi)
if test "$libtool" = yes; then
"$@" "-Wp,-MDupdate,$tmpdepfile"
else
"$@" -MDupdate "$tmpdepfile"
fi
stat=$?
if test $stat -eq 0; then :
else
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
exit $stat
fi
rm -f "$depfile"
if test -f "$tmpdepfile"; then # yes, the sourcefile depend on other files
echo "$object : \\" > "$depfile"
# Clip off the initial element (the dependent). Don't try to be
# clever and replace this with sed code, as IRIX sed won't handle
# lines with more than a fixed number of characters (4096 in
# IRIX 6.2 sed, 8192 in IRIX 6.5). We also remove comment lines;
# the IRIX cc adds comments like '#:fec' to the end of the
# dependency line.
tr ' ' "$nl" < "$tmpdepfile" \
| sed -e 's/^.*\.o://' -e 's/#.*$//' -e '/^$/ d' | \
tr "$nl" ' ' >> "$depfile"
echo >> "$depfile"
# The second pass generates a dummy entry for each header file.
tr ' ' "$nl" < "$tmpdepfile" \
| sed -e 's/^.*\.o://' -e 's/#.*$//' -e '/^$/ d' -e 's/$/:/' \
>> "$depfile"
else
# The sourcefile does not contain any dependencies, so just
# store a dummy comment line, to avoid errors with the Makefile
# "include basename.Plo" scheme.
echo "#dummy" > "$depfile"
fi
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
;;
xlc)
# This case exists only to let depend.m4 do its work. It works by
# looking at the text of this script. This case will never be run,
# since it is checked for above.
exit 1
;;
aix)
# The C for AIX Compiler uses -M and outputs the dependencies
# in a .u file. In older versions, this file always lives in the
# current directory. Also, the AIX compiler puts '$object:' at the
# start of each line; $object doesn't have directory information.
# Version 6 uses the directory in both cases.
dir=`echo "$object" | sed -e 's|/[^/]*$|/|'`
test "x$dir" = "x$object" && dir=
base=`echo "$object" | sed -e 's|^.*/||' -e 's/\.o$//' -e 's/\.lo$//'`
if test "$libtool" = yes; then
tmpdepfile1=$dir$base.u
tmpdepfile2=$base.u
tmpdepfile3=$dir.libs/$base.u
"$@" -Wc,-M
else
tmpdepfile1=$dir$base.u
tmpdepfile2=$dir$base.u
tmpdepfile3=$dir$base.u
"$@" -M
fi
stat=$?
if test $stat -eq 0; then :
else
rm -f "$tmpdepfile1" "$tmpdepfile2" "$tmpdepfile3"
exit $stat
fi
for tmpdepfile in "$tmpdepfile1" "$tmpdepfile2" "$tmpdepfile3"
do
test -f "$tmpdepfile" && break
done
if test -f "$tmpdepfile"; then
# Each line is of the form 'foo.o: dependent.h'.
# Do two passes, one to just change these to
# '$object: dependent.h' and one to simply 'dependent.h:'.
sed -e "s,^.*\.[a-z]*:,$object:," < "$tmpdepfile" > "$depfile"
sed -e 's,^.*\.[a-z]*:['"$tab"' ]*,,' -e 's,$,:,' < "$tmpdepfile" >> "$depfile"
else
# The sourcefile does not contain any dependencies, so just
# store a dummy comment line, to avoid errors with the Makefile
# "include basename.Plo" scheme.
echo "#dummy" > "$depfile"
fi
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
;;
icc)
# Intel's C compiler anf tcc (Tiny C Compiler) understand '-MD -MF file'.
# However on
# $CC -MD -MF foo.d -c -o sub/foo.o sub/foo.c
# ICC 7.0 will fill foo.d with something like
# foo.o: sub/foo.c
# foo.o: sub/foo.h
# which is wrong. We want
# sub/foo.o: sub/foo.c
# sub/foo.o: sub/foo.h
# sub/foo.c:
# sub/foo.h:
# ICC 7.1 will output
# foo.o: sub/foo.c sub/foo.h
# and will wrap long lines using '\':
# foo.o: sub/foo.c ... \
# sub/foo.h ... \
# ...
# tcc 0.9.26 (FIXME still under development at the moment of writing)
# will emit a similar output, but also prepend the continuation lines
# with horizontal tabulation characters.
"$@" -MD -MF "$tmpdepfile"
stat=$?
if test $stat -eq 0; then :
else
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
exit $stat
fi
rm -f "$depfile"
# Each line is of the form 'foo.o: dependent.h',
# or 'foo.o: dep1.h dep2.h \', or ' dep3.h dep4.h \'.
# Do two passes, one to just change these to
# '$object: dependent.h' and one to simply 'dependent.h:'.
sed -e "s/^[ $tab][ $tab]*/ /" -e "s,^[^:]*:,$object :," \
< "$tmpdepfile" > "$depfile"
sed '
s/[ '"$tab"'][ '"$tab"']*/ /g
s/^ *//
s/ *\\*$//
s/^[^:]*: *//
/^$/d
/:$/d
s/$/ :/
' < "$tmpdepfile" >> "$depfile"
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
;;
hp2)
# The "hp" stanza above does not work with aCC (C++) and HP's ia64
# compilers, which have integrated preprocessors. The correct option
# to use with these is +Maked; it writes dependencies to a file named
# 'foo.d', which lands next to the object file, wherever that
# happens to be.
# Much of this is similar to the tru64 case; see comments there.
dir=`echo "$object" | sed -e 's|/[^/]*$|/|'`
test "x$dir" = "x$object" && dir=
base=`echo "$object" | sed -e 's|^.*/||' -e 's/\.o$//' -e 's/\.lo$//'`
if test "$libtool" = yes; then
tmpdepfile1=$dir$base.d
tmpdepfile2=$dir.libs/$base.d
"$@" -Wc,+Maked
else
tmpdepfile1=$dir$base.d
tmpdepfile2=$dir$base.d
"$@" +Maked
fi
stat=$?
if test $stat -eq 0; then :
else
rm -f "$tmpdepfile1" "$tmpdepfile2"
exit $stat
fi
for tmpdepfile in "$tmpdepfile1" "$tmpdepfile2"
do
test -f "$tmpdepfile" && break
done
if test -f "$tmpdepfile"; then
sed -e "s,^.*\.[a-z]*:,$object:," "$tmpdepfile" > "$depfile"
# Add 'dependent.h:' lines.
sed -ne '2,${
s/^ *//
s/ \\*$//
s/$/:/
p
}' "$tmpdepfile" >> "$depfile"
else
echo "#dummy" > "$depfile"
fi
rm -f "$tmpdepfile" "$tmpdepfile2"
;;
tru64)
# The Tru64 compiler uses -MD to generate dependencies as a side
# effect. 'cc -MD -o foo.o ...' puts the dependencies into 'foo.o.d'.
# At least on Alpha/Redhat 6.1, Compaq CCC V6.2-504 seems to put
# dependencies in 'foo.d' instead, so we check for that too.
# Subdirectories are respected.
dir=`echo "$object" | sed -e 's|/[^/]*$|/|'`
test "x$dir" = "x$object" && dir=
base=`echo "$object" | sed -e 's|^.*/||' -e 's/\.o$//' -e 's/\.lo$//'`
if test "$libtool" = yes; then
# With Tru64 cc, shared objects can also be used to make a
# static library. This mechanism is used in libtool 1.4 series to
# handle both shared and static libraries in a single compilation.
# With libtool 1.4, dependencies were output in $dir.libs/$base.lo.d.
#
# With libtool 1.5 this exception was removed, and libtool now
# generates 2 separate objects for the 2 libraries. These two
# compilations output dependencies in $dir.libs/$base.o.d and
# in $dir$base.o.d. We have to check for both files, because
# one of the two compilations can be disabled. We should prefer
# $dir$base.o.d over $dir.libs/$base.o.d because the latter is
# automatically cleaned when .libs/ is deleted, while ignoring
# the former would cause a distcleancheck panic.
tmpdepfile1=$dir.libs/$base.lo.d # libtool 1.4
tmpdepfile2=$dir$base.o.d # libtool 1.5
tmpdepfile3=$dir.libs/$base.o.d # libtool 1.5
tmpdepfile4=$dir.libs/$base.d # Compaq CCC V6.2-504
"$@" -Wc,-MD
else
tmpdepfile1=$dir$base.o.d
tmpdepfile2=$dir$base.d
tmpdepfile3=$dir$base.d
tmpdepfile4=$dir$base.d
"$@" -MD
fi
stat=$?
if test $stat -eq 0; then :
else
rm -f "$tmpdepfile1" "$tmpdepfile2" "$tmpdepfile3" "$tmpdepfile4"
exit $stat
fi
for tmpdepfile in "$tmpdepfile1" "$tmpdepfile2" "$tmpdepfile3" "$tmpdepfile4"
do
test -f "$tmpdepfile" && break
done
if test -f "$tmpdepfile"; then
sed -e "s,^.*\.[a-z]*:,$object:," < "$tmpdepfile" > "$depfile"
sed -e 's,^.*\.[a-z]*:['"$tab"' ]*,,' -e 's,$,:,' < "$tmpdepfile" >> "$depfile"
else
echo "#dummy" > "$depfile"
fi
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
;;
msvc7)
if test "$libtool" = yes; then
showIncludes=-Wc,-showIncludes
else
showIncludes=-showIncludes
fi
"$@" $showIncludes > "$tmpdepfile"
stat=$?
grep -v '^Note: including file: ' "$tmpdepfile"
if test "$stat" = 0; then :
else
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
exit $stat
fi
rm -f "$depfile"
echo "$object : \\" > "$depfile"
# The first sed program below extracts the file names and escapes
# backslashes for cygpath. The second sed program outputs the file
# name when reading, but also accumulates all include files in the
# hold buffer in order to output them again at the end. This only
# works with sed implementations that can handle large buffers.
sed < "$tmpdepfile" -n '
/^Note: including file: *\(.*\)/ {
s//\1/
s/\\/\\\\/g
p
}' | $cygpath_u | sort -u | sed -n '
s/ /\\ /g
s/\(.*\)/'"$tab"'\1 \\/p
s/.\(.*\) \\/\1:/
H
$ {
s/.*/'"$tab"'/
G
p
}' >> "$depfile"
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
;;
msvc7msys)
# This case exists only to let depend.m4 do its work. It works by
# looking at the text of this script. This case will never be run,
# since it is checked for above.
exit 1
;;
#nosideeffect)
# This comment above is used by automake to tell side-effect
# dependency tracking mechanisms from slower ones.
dashmstdout)
# Important note: in order to support this mode, a compiler *must*
# always write the preprocessed file to stdout, regardless of -o.
"$@" || exit $?
# Remove the call to Libtool.
if test "$libtool" = yes; then
while test "X$1" != 'X--mode=compile'; do
shift
done
shift
fi
# Remove '-o $object'.
IFS=" "
for arg
do
case $arg in
-o)
shift
;;
$object)
shift
;;
*)
set fnord "$@" "$arg"
shift # fnord
shift # $arg
;;
esac
done
test -z "$dashmflag" && dashmflag=-M
# Require at least two characters before searching for ':'
# in the target name. This is to cope with DOS-style filenames:
# a dependency such as 'c:/foo/bar' could be seen as target 'c' otherwise.
"$@" $dashmflag |
sed 's:^['"$tab"' ]*[^:'"$tab"' ][^:][^:]*\:['"$tab"' ]*:'"$object"'\: :' > "$tmpdepfile"
rm -f "$depfile"
cat < "$tmpdepfile" > "$depfile"
tr ' ' "$nl" < "$tmpdepfile" | \
## Some versions of the HPUX 10.20 sed can't process this invocation
## correctly. Breaking it into two sed invocations is a workaround.
sed -e 's/^\\$//' -e '/^$/d' -e '/:$/d' | sed -e 's/$/ :/' >> "$depfile"
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
;;
dashXmstdout)
# This case only exists to satisfy depend.m4. It is never actually
# run, as this mode is specially recognized in the preamble.
exit 1
;;
makedepend)
"$@" || exit $?
# Remove any Libtool call
if test "$libtool" = yes; then
while test "X$1" != 'X--mode=compile'; do
shift
done
shift
fi
# X makedepend
shift
cleared=no eat=no
for arg
do
case $cleared in
no)
set ""; shift
cleared=yes ;;
esac
if test $eat = yes; then
eat=no
continue
fi
case "$arg" in
-D*|-I*)
set fnord "$@" "$arg"; shift ;;
# Strip any option that makedepend may not understand. Remove
# the object too, otherwise makedepend will parse it as a source file.
-arch)
eat=yes ;;
-*|$object)
;;
*)
set fnord "$@" "$arg"; shift ;;
esac
done
obj_suffix=`echo "$object" | sed 's/^.*\././'`
touch "$tmpdepfile"
${MAKEDEPEND-makedepend} -o"$obj_suffix" -f"$tmpdepfile" "$@"
rm -f "$depfile"
# makedepend may prepend the VPATH from the source file name to the object.
# No need to regex-escape $object, excess matching of '.' is harmless.
sed "s|^.*\($object *:\)|\1|" "$tmpdepfile" > "$depfile"
sed '1,2d' "$tmpdepfile" | tr ' ' "$nl" | \
## Some versions of the HPUX 10.20 sed can't process this invocation
## correctly. Breaking it into two sed invocations is a workaround.
sed -e 's/^\\$//' -e '/^$/d' -e '/:$/d' | sed -e 's/$/ :/' >> "$depfile"
rm -f "$tmpdepfile" "$tmpdepfile".bak
;;
cpp)
# Important note: in order to support this mode, a compiler *must*
# always write the preprocessed file to stdout.
"$@" || exit $?
# Remove the call to Libtool.
if test "$libtool" = yes; then
while test "X$1" != 'X--mode=compile'; do
shift
done
shift
fi
# Remove '-o $object'.
IFS=" "
for arg
do
case $arg in
-o)
shift
;;
$object)
shift
;;
*)
set fnord "$@" "$arg"
shift # fnord
shift # $arg
;;
esac
done
"$@" -E |
sed -n -e '/^# [0-9][0-9]* "\([^"]*\)".*/ s:: \1 \\:p' \
-e '/^#line [0-9][0-9]* "\([^"]*\)".*/ s:: \1 \\:p' |
sed '$ s: \\$::' > "$tmpdepfile"
rm -f "$depfile"
echo "$object : \\" > "$depfile"
cat < "$tmpdepfile" >> "$depfile"
sed < "$tmpdepfile" '/^$/d;s/^ //;s/ \\$//;s/$/ :/' >> "$depfile"
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
;;
msvisualcpp)
# Important note: in order to support this mode, a compiler *must*
# always write the preprocessed file to stdout.
"$@" || exit $?
# Remove the call to Libtool.
if test "$libtool" = yes; then
while test "X$1" != 'X--mode=compile'; do
shift
done
shift
fi
IFS=" "
for arg
do
case "$arg" in
-o)
shift
;;
$object)
shift
;;
"-Gm"|"/Gm"|"-Gi"|"/Gi"|"-ZI"|"/ZI")
set fnord "$@"
shift
shift
;;
*)
set fnord "$@" "$arg"
shift
shift
;;
esac
done
"$@" -E 2>/dev/null |
sed -n '/^#line [0-9][0-9]* "\([^"]*\)"/ s::\1:p' | $cygpath_u | sort -u > "$tmpdepfile"
rm -f "$depfile"
echo "$object : \\" > "$depfile"
sed < "$tmpdepfile" -n -e 's% %\\ %g' -e '/^\(.*\)$/ s::'"$tab"'\1 \\:p' >> "$depfile"
echo "$tab" >> "$depfile"
sed < "$tmpdepfile" -n -e 's% %\\ %g' -e '/^\(.*\)$/ s::\1\::p' >> "$depfile"
rm -f "$tmpdepfile"
;;
msvcmsys)
# This case exists only to let depend.m4 do its work. It works by
# looking at the text of this script. This case will never be run,
# since it is checked for above.
exit 1
;;
none)
exec "$@"
;;
*)
echo "Unknown depmode $depmode" 1>&2
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# Local Variables:
# mode: shell-script
# sh-indentation: 2
# eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
# time-stamp-start: "scriptversion="
# time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H"
# time-stamp-time-zone: "UTC"
# time-stamp-end: "; # UTC"
# End:

BIN
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Examples</title>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="asio.examples"></a><a class="link" href="examples.html" title="Examples">Examples</a>
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<a class="link" href="examples/cpp03_examples.html" title="C++03 Examples">C++03 Examples</a>: Illustrates
the use of Asio using only C++03 language and library features. Where necessary,
the examples make use of selected Boost C++ libraries.
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<a class="link" href="examples/cpp11_examples.html" title="C++11 Examples">C++11 Examples</a>: Contains
a limited set of the C++03 Asio examples, updated to use only C++11 library
and language facilities. These examples do not make direct use of Boost
C++ libraries. To show the changes between C++03 and C++11, these examples
include a diff between the C++03 and C++11 versions.
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples"></a><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html" title="C++03 Examples">C++03 Examples</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.allocation"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.allocation">Allocation</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example shows how to customise the allocation of memory associated with
asynchronous operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/allocation/server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/allocation/server.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.buffers"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.buffers">Buffers</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example demonstrates how to create reference counted buffers that can
be used with socket read and write operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/buffers/reference_counted.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/buffers/reference_counted.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h2"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.chat"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.chat">Chat</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example implements a chat server and client. The programs use a custom
protocol with a fixed length message header and variable length message body.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/chat/chat_message.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/chat/chat_message.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/chat/chat_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/chat/chat_client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/chat/chat_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/chat/chat_server.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The following POSIX-specific chat client demonstrates how to use the <a class="link" href="../reference/posix__stream_descriptor.html" title="posix::stream_descriptor">posix::stream_descriptor</a>
class to perform console input and output.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/chat/posix_chat_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/chat/posix_chat_client.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h3"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.echo"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.echo">Echo</a>
</h5>
<p>
A collection of simple clients and servers, showing the use of both synchronous
and asynchronous operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/echo/async_tcp_echo_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/echo/async_tcp_echo_server.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/echo/async_udp_echo_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/echo/async_udp_echo_server.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_client.cpp</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_server.cpp</a>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/echo/blocking_udp_echo_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/echo/blocking_udp_echo_client.cpp</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/echo/blocking_udp_echo_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/echo/blocking_udp_echo_server.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h4"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.fork"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.fork">Fork</a>
</h5>
<p>
These POSIX-specific examples show how to use Asio in conjunction with the
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fork</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
system call. The first example illustrates the steps required to start a
daemon process:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/fork/daemon.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/fork/daemon.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
<p>
The second example demonstrates how it is possible to fork a process from
within a completion handler.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/fork/process_per_connection.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/fork/process_per_connection.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h5"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_client"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_client">HTTP
Client</a>
</h5>
<p>
Example programs implementing simple HTTP 1.0 clients. These examples show
how to use the <a class="link" href="../reference/read_until.html" title="read_until">read_until</a>
and <a class="link" href="../reference/async_read_until.html" title="async_read_until">async_read_until</a>
functions.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/client/sync_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/client/sync_client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/client/async_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/client/async_client.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h6"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server">HTTP
Server</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example illustrates the use of asio in a simple single-threaded server
implementation of HTTP 1.0. It demonstrates how to perform a clean shutdown
by cancelling all outstanding asynchronous operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/connection.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/connection.cpp</a>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/reply.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/reply.cpp</a>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/reply.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/reply.hpp</a>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/request.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/request.hpp</a>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/request_handler.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/request_handler.cpp</a>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/request_handler.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/request_handler.hpp</a>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/server.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server/server.hpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h7"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server_2"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server_2">HTTP
Server 2</a>
</h5>
<p>
An HTTP server using an io_service-per-CPU design.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/connection.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/connection.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/connection.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/connection.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/header.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/header.hpp</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/io_service_pool.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/io_service_pool.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/io_service_pool.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/io_service_pool.hpp</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/main.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/main.cpp</a>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/mime_types.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/mime_types.cpp</a>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/mime_types.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/mime_types.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/reply.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/reply.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/reply.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/reply.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request.hpp</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request_handler.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request_handler.cpp</a>
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<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request_handler.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request_handler.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request_parser.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request_parser.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request_parser.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/request_parser.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/server.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/server.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server2/server.hpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h8"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server_3"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server_3">HTTP
Server 3</a>
</h5>
<p>
An HTTP server using a single io_service and a thread pool calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/connection.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/connection.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/connection.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/connection.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/header.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/header.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/main.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/main.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/mime_types.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/mime_types.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/mime_types.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/mime_types.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/reply.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/reply.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/reply.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/reply.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request_handler.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request_handler.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request_handler.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request_handler.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request_parser.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request_parser.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request_parser.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/request_parser.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/server.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/server.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server3/server.hpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h9"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server_4"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server_4">HTTP
Server 4</a>
</h5>
<p>
A single-threaded HTTP server implemented using stackless coroutines.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/file_handler.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/file_handler.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/file_handler.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/file_handler.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/header.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/header.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/main.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/main.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/mime_types.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/mime_types.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/mime_types.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/mime_types.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/reply.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/reply.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/reply.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/reply.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/request.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/request.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/request_parser.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/request_parser.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/request_parser.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/request_parser.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/server.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/server.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/http/server4/server.hpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h10"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.icmp"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.icmp">ICMP</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example shows how to use raw sockets with ICMP to ping a remote host.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/icmp/ping.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/icmp/ping.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/icmp/ipv4_header.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/icmp/ipv4_header.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/icmp/icmp_header.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/icmp/icmp_header.hpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h11"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.invocation"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.invocation">Invocation</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example shows how to customise handler invocation. Completion handlers
are added to a priority queue rather than executed immediately.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/invocation/prioritised_handlers.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/invocation/prioritised_handlers.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h12"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.iostreams"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.iostreams">Iostreams</a>
</h5>
<p>
Two examples showing how to use <a class="link" href="../reference/ip__tcp/iostream.html" title="ip::tcp::iostream">ip::tcp::iostream</a>.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/iostreams/daytime_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/iostreams/daytime_client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/iostreams/daytime_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/iostreams/daytime_server.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/iostreams/http_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/iostreams/http_client.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h13"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.multicast"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.multicast">Multicast</a>
</h5>
<p>
An example showing the use of multicast to transmit packets to a group of
subscribers.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/multicast/receiver.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/multicast/receiver.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/multicast/sender.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/multicast/sender.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h14"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.serialization"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.serialization">Serialization</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example shows how Boost.Serialization can be used with asio to encode
and decode structures for transmission over a socket.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/serialization/client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/serialization/client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/serialization/connection.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/serialization/connection.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/serialization/server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/serialization/server.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/serialization/stock.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/serialization/stock.hpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h15"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.services"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.services">Services</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example demonstrates how to integrate custom functionality (in this
case, for logging) into asio's <a class="link" href="../reference/io_service.html" title="io_service">io_service</a>,
and how to use a custom service with <a class="link" href="../reference/basic_stream_socket.html" title="basic_stream_socket">basic_stream_socket&lt;&gt;</a>.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/services/basic_logger.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/services/basic_logger.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/services/daytime_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/services/daytime_client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/services/logger.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/services/logger.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/services/logger_service.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/services/logger_service.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/services/logger_service.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/services/logger_service.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/services/stream_socket_service.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/services/stream_socket_service.hpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h16"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.socks_4"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.socks_4">SOCKS
4</a>
</h5>
<p>
Example client program implementing the SOCKS 4 protocol for communication
via a proxy.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/socks4/sync_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/socks4/sync_client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/socks4/socks4.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/socks4/socks4.hpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h17"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.ssl"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.ssl">SSL</a>
</h5>
<p>
Example client and server programs showing the use of the <a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__stream.html" title="ssl::stream">ssl::stream&lt;&gt;</a>
template with asynchronous operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/ssl/client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/ssl/client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/ssl/server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/ssl/server.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h18"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.timeouts"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.timeouts">Timeouts</a>
</h5>
<p>
A collection of examples showing how to cancel long running asynchronous
operations after a period of time.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/timeouts/async_tcp_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/timeouts/async_tcp_client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/timeouts/blocking_tcp_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/timeouts/blocking_tcp_client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/timeouts/blocking_udp_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/timeouts/blocking_udp_client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/timeouts/server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/timeouts/server.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h19"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.timers"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.timers">Timers</a>
</h5>
<p>
Examples showing how to customise deadline_timer using different time types.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/timers/tick_count_timer.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/timers/tick_count_timer.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/timers/time_t_timer.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/timers/time_t_timer.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h20"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.porthopper"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.porthopper">Porthopper</a>
</h5>
<p>
Example illustrating mixed synchronous and asynchronous operations, and how
to use Boost.Lambda with Asio.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/porthopper/protocol.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/porthopper/protocol.hpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/porthopper/client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/porthopper/client.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/porthopper/server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/porthopper/server.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h21"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.nonblocking"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.nonblocking">Nonblocking</a>
</h5>
<p>
Example demonstrating reactor-style operations for integrating a third-party
library that wants to perform the I/O operations itself.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/nonblocking/third_party_lib.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/nonblocking/third_party_lib.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h22"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.spawn"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.spawn">Spawn</a>
</h5>
<p>
Example of using the asio::spawn() function, a wrapper around the <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/coroutine/index.html" target="_top">Boost.Coroutine</a>
library, to implement a chain of asynchronous operations using stackful coroutines.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/spawn/echo_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/spawn/echo_server.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h23"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.unix_domain_sockets"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.unix_domain_sockets">UNIX
Domain Sockets</a>
</h5>
<p>
Examples showing how to use UNIX domain (local) sockets.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/local/connect_pair.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/local/connect_pair.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/local/stream_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/local/stream_server.cpp</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/local/stream_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/local/stream_client.cpp</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.h24"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp03_examples.windows"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.windows">Windows</a>
</h5>
<p>
An example showing how to use the Windows-specific function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">TransmitFile</span></code> with Asio.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp03/windows/transmit_file.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp03/windows/transmit_file.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples"></a><a class="link" href="cpp11_examples.html" title="C++11 Examples">C++11 Examples</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.allocation"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.allocation">Allocation</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example shows how to customise the allocation of memory associated with
asynchronous operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/allocation/server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/allocation/server.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/allocation/server.cpp.html" target="_top">diff to C++03</a>)
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.buffers"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.buffers">Buffers</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example demonstrates how to create reference counted buffers that can
be used with socket read and write operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/buffers/reference_counted.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/buffers/reference_counted.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/buffers/reference_counted.cpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.h2"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.chat"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.chat">Chat</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example implements a chat server and client. The programs use a custom
protocol with a fixed length message header and variable length message body.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/chat/chat_message.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/chat/chat_message.hpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/chat/chat_message.hpp.html" target="_top">diff to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/chat/chat_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/chat/chat_client.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/chat/chat_client.cpp.html" target="_top">diff to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/chat/chat_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/chat/chat_server.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/chat/chat_server.cpp.html" target="_top">diff to C++03</a>)
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.h3"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.echo"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.echo">Echo</a>
</h5>
<p>
A collection of simple clients and servers, showing the use of both synchronous
and asynchronous operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/echo/async_tcp_echo_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/echo/async_tcp_echo_server.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/echo/async_tcp_echo_server.cpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/echo/async_udp_echo_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/echo/async_udp_echo_server.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/echo/async_udp_echo_server.cpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_client.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_client.cpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_server.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/echo/blocking_tcp_echo_server.cpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/echo/blocking_udp_echo_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/echo/blocking_udp_echo_client.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/echo/blocking_udp_echo_client.cpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/echo/blocking_udp_echo_server.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/echo/blocking_udp_echo_server.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/echo/blocking_udp_echo_server.cpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.h4"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.futures"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.futures">Futures</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example demonstrates how to use std::future in conjunction with Asio's
asynchronous operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/futures/daytime_client.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/futures/daytime_client.cpp</a>
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.h5"></a>
<span><a name="asio.examples.cpp11_examples.http_server"></a></span><a class="link" href="cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.http_server">HTTP
Server</a>
</h5>
<p>
This example illustrates the use of asio in a simple single-threaded server
implementation of HTTP 1.0. It demonstrates how to perform a clean shutdown
by cancelling all outstanding asynchronous operations.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/connection.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/connection.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/connection.cpp.html" target="_top">diff to
C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/connection.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/connection.hpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/connection.hpp.html" target="_top">diff to
C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/connection_manager.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/connection_manager.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/connection_manager.cpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/connection_manager.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/connection_manager.hpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/connection_manager.hpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/header.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/header.hpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/header.hpp.html" target="_top">diff to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/main.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/main.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/main.cpp.html" target="_top">diff to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/mime_types.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/mime_types.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/mime_types.cpp.html" target="_top">diff to
C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/mime_types.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/mime_types.hpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/mime_types.hpp.html" target="_top">diff to
C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/reply.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/reply.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/reply.cpp.html" target="_top">diff to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/reply.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/reply.hpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/reply.hpp.html" target="_top">diff to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/request.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/request.hpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/request.hpp.html" target="_top">diff to C++03</a>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/request_handler.cpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/request_handler.cpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/request_handler.cpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
</li>
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<a href="../../../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/request_handler.hpp" target="_top">../src/examples/cpp11/http/server/request_handler.hpp</a>
(<a href="../../examples/diffs/http/server/request_handler.hpp.html" target="_top">diff
to C++03</a>)
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</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Many asynchronous operations need to allocate an object to store state
associated with the operation. For example, a Win32 implementation needs
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">OVERLAPPED</span></code>-derived objects
to pass to Win32 API functions.
</p>
<p>
Furthermore, programs typically contain easily identifiable chains of asynchronous
operations. A half duplex protocol implementation (e.g. an HTTP server)
would have a single chain of operations per client (receives followed by
sends). A full duplex protocol implementation would have two chains executing
in parallel. Programs should be able to leverage this knowledge to reuse
memory for all asynchronous operations in a chain.
</p>
<p>
Given a copy of a user-defined <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Handler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code>, if the implementation
needs to allocate memory associated with that handler it will execute the
code:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">pointer</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">asio_handler_allocate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Similarly, to deallocate the memory it will execute:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio_handler_deallocate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pointer</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
These functions are located using argument-dependent lookup. The implementation
provides default implementations of the above functions in the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span></code> namespace:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">asio_handler_allocate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">...);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">asio_handler_deallocate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*,</span> <span class="identifier">size_t</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">...);</span>
</pre>
<p>
which are implemented in terms of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">new</span><span class="special">()</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">delete</span><span class="special">()</span></code> respectively.
</p>
<p>
The implementation guarantees that the deallocation will occur before the
associated handler is invoked, which means the memory is ready to be reused
for any new asynchronous operations started by the handler.
</p>
<p>
The custom memory allocation functions may be called from any user-created
thread that is calling a library function. The implementation guarantees
that, for the asynchronous operations included the library, the implementation
will not make concurrent calls to the memory allocation functions for that
handler. The implementation will insert appropriate memory barriers to
ensure correct memory visibility should allocation functions need to be
called from different threads.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.allocation.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.allocation.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="allocation.html#asio.overview.core.allocation.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/asio_handler_allocate.html" title="asio_handler_allocate">asio_handler_allocate</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/asio_handler_deallocate.html" title="asio_handler_deallocate">asio_handler_deallocate</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.allocation">custom memory allocation
example (C++03)</a>, <a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.allocation">custom
memory allocation example (C++11)</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.core.async"></a><a class="link" href="async.html" title="The Proactor Design Pattern: Concurrency Without Threads">The Proactor Design Pattern:
Concurrency Without Threads</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
The Asio library offers side-by-side support for synchronous and asynchronous
operations. The asynchronous support is based on the Proactor design pattern
<a class="link" href="async.html#asio.overview.core.async.references">[POSA2]</a>. The
advantages and disadvantages of this approach, when compared to a synchronous-only
or Reactor approach, are outlined below.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.async.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.async.proactor_and_asio"></a></span><a class="link" href="async.html#asio.overview.core.async.proactor_and_asio">Proactor
and Asio</a>
</h6>
<p>
Let us examine how the Proactor design pattern is implemented in Asio,
without reference to platform-specific details.
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../proactor.png" alt="proactor"></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Proactor design pattern (adapted from [POSA2])</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
&#8212; Asynchronous Operation
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Defines an operation that is executed asynchronously, such as an asynchronous
read or write on a socket.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Asynchronous Operation Processor
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Executes asynchronous operations and queues events on a completion event
queue when operations complete. From a high-level point of view, services
like <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stream_socket_service</span></code>
are asynchronous operation processors.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Completion Event Queue
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Buffers completion events until they are dequeued by an asynchronous
event demultiplexer.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Completion Handler
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Processes the result of an asynchronous operation. These are function
objects, often created using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span></code>.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Asynchronous Event Demultiplexer
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Blocks waiting for events to occur on the completion event queue, and
returns a completed event to its caller.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Proactor
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Calls the asynchronous event demultiplexer to dequeue events, and dispatches
the completion handler (i.e. invokes the function object) associated
with the event. This abstraction is represented by the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code> class.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Initiator
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Application-specific code that starts asynchronous operations. The initiator
interacts with an asynchronous operation processor via a high-level interface
such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">basic_stream_socket</span></code>,
which in turn delegates to a service like <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stream_socket_service</span></code>.
</p></blockquote></div>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.async.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.async.implementation_using_reactor"></a></span><a class="link" href="async.html#asio.overview.core.async.implementation_using_reactor">Implementation
Using Reactor</a>
</h6>
<p>
On many platforms, Asio implements the Proactor design pattern in terms
of a Reactor, such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">epoll</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">kqueue</span></code>. This implementation approach
corresponds to the Proactor design pattern as follows:
</p>
<p>
&#8212; Asynchronous Operation Processor
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
A reactor implemented using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">epoll</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">kqueue</span></code>. When the reactor indicates
that the resource is ready to perform the operation, the processor executes
the asynchronous operation and enqueues the associated completion handler
on the completion event queue.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Completion Event Queue
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
A linked list of completion handlers (i.e. function objects).
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Asynchronous Event Demultiplexer
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
This is implemented by waiting on an event or condition variable until
a completion handler is available in the completion event queue.
</p></blockquote></div>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.async.h2"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.async.implementation_using_windows_overlapped_i_o"></a></span><a class="link" href="async.html#asio.overview.core.async.implementation_using_windows_overlapped_i_o">Implementation
Using Windows Overlapped I/O</a>
</h6>
<p>
On Windows NT, 2000 and XP, Asio takes advantage of overlapped I/O to provide
an efficient implementation of the Proactor design pattern. This implementation
approach corresponds to the Proactor design pattern as follows:
</p>
<p>
&#8212; Asynchronous Operation Processor
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
This is implemented by the operating system. Operations are initiated
by calling an overlapped function such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">AcceptEx</span></code>.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Completion Event Queue
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
This is implemented by the operating system, and is associated with an
I/O completion port. There is one I/O completion port for each <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code> instance.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Asynchronous Event Demultiplexer
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Called by Asio to dequeue events and their associated completion handlers.
</p></blockquote></div>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.async.h3"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.async.advantages"></a></span><a class="link" href="async.html#asio.overview.core.async.advantages">Advantages</a>
</h6>
<p>
&#8212; Portability.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Many operating systems offer a native asynchronous I/O API (such as overlapped
I/O on <span class="emphasis"><em>Windows</em></span>) as the preferred option for developing
high performance network applications. The library may be implemented
in terms of native asynchronous I/O. However, if native support is not
available, the library may also be implemented using synchronous event
demultiplexors that typify the Reactor pattern, such as <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Decoupling threading from concurrency.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Long-duration operations are performed asynchronously by the implementation
on behalf of the application. Consequently applications do not need to
spawn many threads in order to increase concurrency.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Performance and scalability.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Implementation strategies such as thread-per-connection (which a synchronous-only
approach would require) can degrade system performance, due to increased
context switching, synchronisation and data movement among CPUs. With
asynchronous operations it is possible to avoid the cost of context switching
by minimising the number of operating system threads &#8212; typically a limited
resource &#8212; and only activating the logical threads of control that have
events to process.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Simplified application synchronisation.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Asynchronous operation completion handlers can be written as though they
exist in a single-threaded environment, and so application logic can
be developed with little or no concern for synchronisation issues.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Function composition.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Function composition refers to the implementation of functions to provide
a higher-level operation, such as sending a message in a particular format.
Each function is implemented in terms of multiple calls to lower-level
read or write operations.
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
For example, consider a protocol where each message consists of a fixed-length
header followed by a variable length body, where the length of the body
is specified in the header. A hypothetical read_message operation could
be implemented using two lower-level reads, the first to receive the
header and, once the length is known, the second to receive the body.
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
To compose functions in an asynchronous model, asynchronous operations
can be chained together. That is, a completion handler for one operation
can initiate the next. Starting the first call in the chain can be encapsulated
so that the caller need not be aware that the higher-level operation
is implemented as a chain of asynchronous operations.
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
The ability to compose new operations in this way simplifies the development
of higher levels of abstraction above a networking library, such as functions
to support a specific protocol.
</p></blockquote></div>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.async.h4"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.async.disadvantages"></a></span><a class="link" href="async.html#asio.overview.core.async.disadvantages">Disadvantages</a>
</h6>
<p>
&#8212; Program complexity.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
It is more difficult to develop applications using asynchronous mechanisms
due to the separation in time and space between operation initiation
and completion. Applications may also be harder to debug due to the inverted
flow of control.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
&#8212; Memory usage.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Buffer space must be committed for the duration of a read or write operation,
which may continue indefinitely, and a separate buffer is required for
each concurrent operation. The Reactor pattern, on the other hand, does
not require buffer space until a socket is ready for reading or writing.
</p></blockquote></div>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.async.h5"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.async.references"></a></span><a class="link" href="async.html#asio.overview.core.async.references">References</a>
</h6>
<p>
[POSA2] D. Schmidt et al, <span class="emphasis"><em>Pattern Oriented Software Architecture,
Volume 2</em></span>. Wiley, 2000.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.core.basics"></a><a class="link" href="basics.html" title="Basic Asio Anatomy">Basic Asio Anatomy</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio may be used to perform both synchronous and asynchronous operations
on I/O objects such as sockets. Before using Asio it may be useful to get
a conceptual picture of the various parts of Asio, your program, and how
they work together.
</p>
<p>
As an introductory example, let's consider what happens when you perform
a connect operation on a socket. We shall start by examining synchronous
operations.
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../sync_op.png" alt="sync_op"></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Your program</strong></span> will have at least one <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span> object. The <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span>
represents <span class="bold"><strong>your program</strong></span>'s link to the
<span class="bold"><strong>operating system</strong></span>'s I/O services.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span> <span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
To perform I/O operations <span class="bold"><strong>your program</strong></span>
will need an <span class="bold"><strong>I/O object</strong></span> such as a TCP
socket:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
When a synchronous connect operation is performed, the following sequence
of events occurs:
</p>
<p>
1. <span class="bold"><strong>Your program</strong></span> initiates the connect
operation by calling the <span class="bold"><strong>I/O object</strong></span>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">server_endpoint</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
2. The <span class="bold"><strong>I/O object</strong></span> forwards the request
to the <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
3. The <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span> calls on the <span class="bold"><strong>operating system</strong></span> to perform the connect operation.
</p>
<p>
4. The <span class="bold"><strong>operating system</strong></span> returns the result
of the operation to the <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
5. The <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span> translates any error
resulting from the operation into an object of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>.
An <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code> may be compared
with specific values, or tested as a boolean (where a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">false</span></code>
result means that no error occurred). The result is then forwarded back
up to the <span class="bold"><strong>I/O object</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
6. The <span class="bold"><strong>I/O object</strong></span> throws an exception
of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">system_error</span></code> if the operation failed.
If the code to initiate the operation had instead been written as:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">server_endpoint</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
then the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code> variable
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> would be set to the
result of the operation, and no exception would be thrown.
</p>
<p>
When an asynchronous operation is used, a different sequence of events
occurs.
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../async_op1.png" alt="async_op1"></span>
</p>
<p>
1. <span class="bold"><strong>Your program</strong></span> initiates the connect
operation by calling the <span class="bold"><strong>I/O object</strong></span>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">server_endpoint</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">your_completion_handler</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">your_completion_handler</span></code>
is a function or function object with the signature:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">your_completion_handler</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
The exact signature required depends on the asynchronous operation being
performed. The reference documentation indicates the appropriate form for
each operation.
</p>
<p>
2. The <span class="bold"><strong>I/O object</strong></span> forwards the request
to the <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
3. The <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span> signals to the <span class="bold"><strong>operating system</strong></span> that it should start an asynchronous
connect.
</p>
<p>
Time passes. (In the synchronous case this wait would have been contained
entirely within the duration of the connect operation.)
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../async_op2.png" alt="async_op2"></span>
</p>
<p>
4. The <span class="bold"><strong>operating system</strong></span> indicates that
the connect operation has completed by placing the result on a queue, ready
to be picked up by the <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
5. <span class="bold"><strong>Your program</strong></span> must make a call to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
(or to one of the similar <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span> member
functions) in order for the result to be retrieved. A call to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
blocks while there are unfinished asynchronous operations, so you would
typically call it as soon as you have started your first asynchronous operation.
</p>
<p>
6. While inside the call to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, the <span class="bold"><strong>io_service</strong></span>
dequeues the result of the operation, translates it into an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>, and then passes it to <span class="bold"><strong>your completion handler</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
This is a simplified picture of how Asio operates. You will want to delve
further into the documentation if your needs are more advanced, such as
extending Asio to perform other types of asynchronous operations.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.core.buffers"></a><a class="link" href="buffers.html" title="Buffers">Buffers</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Fundamentally, I/O involves the transfer of data to and from contiguous
regions of memory, called buffers. These buffers can be simply expressed
as a tuple consisting of a pointer and a size in bytes. However, to allow
the development of efficient network applications, Asio includes support
for scatter-gather operations. These operations involve one or more buffers:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
A scatter-read receives data into multiple buffers.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A gather-write transmits multiple buffers.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Therefore we require an abstraction to represent a collection of buffers.
The approach used in Asio is to define a type (actually two types) to represent
a single buffer. These can be stored in a container, which may be passed
to the scatter-gather operations.
</p>
<p>
In addition to specifying buffers as a pointer and size in bytes, Asio
makes a distinction between modifiable memory (called mutable) and non-modifiable
memory (where the latter is created from the storage for a const-qualified
variable). These two types could therefore be defined as follows:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">const_buffer</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Here, a mutable_buffer would be convertible to a const_buffer, but conversion
in the opposite direction is not valid.
</p>
<p>
However, Asio does not use the above definitions as-is, but instead defines
two classes: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_buffer</span></code>. The goal
of these is to provide an opaque representation of contiguous memory, where:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Types behave as std::pair would in conversions. That is, a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span></code> is convertible to
a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_buffer</span></code>, but
the opposite conversion is disallowed.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
There is protection against buffer overruns. Given a buffer instance,
a user can only create another buffer representing the same range of
memory or a sub-range of it. To provide further safety, the library
also includes mechanisms for automatically determining the size of
a buffer from an array, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">array</span></code>
or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span></code> of POD elements, or from a
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Type safety violations must be explicitly requested using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span></code> function. In general
an application should never need to do this, but it is required by
the library implementation to pass the raw memory to the underlying
operating system functions.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Finally, multiple buffers can be passed to scatter-gather operations (such
as <a class="link" href="../../reference/read.html" title="read">read()</a> or <a class="link" href="../../reference/write.html" title="write">write()</a>)
by putting the buffer objects into a container. The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MutableBufferSequence</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ConstBufferSequence</span></code>
concepts have been defined so that containers such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span></code>
or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">array</span></code> can be used.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.buffers.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.buffers.streambuf_for_integration_with_iostreams"></a></span><a class="link" href="buffers.html#asio.overview.core.buffers.streambuf_for_integration_with_iostreams">Streambuf
for Integration with Iostreams</a>
</h6>
<p>
The class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_streambuf</span></code> is derived from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_streambuf</span></code> to associate the input
sequence and output sequence with one or more objects of some character
array type, whose elements store arbitrary values. These character array
objects are internal to the streambuf object, but direct access to the
array elements is provided to permit them to be used with I/O operations,
such as the send or receive operations of a socket:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
The input sequence of the streambuf is accessible via the <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_streambuf/data.html" title="basic_streambuf::data">data()</a>
member function. The return type of this function meets the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ConstBufferSequence</span></code> requirements.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
The output sequence of the streambuf is accessible via the <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_streambuf/data.html" title="basic_streambuf::data">prepare()</a>
member function. The return type of this function meets the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MutableBufferSequence</span></code> requirements.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Data is transferred from the front of the output sequence to the back
of the input sequence by calling the <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_streambuf/commit.html" title="basic_streambuf::commit">commit()</a>
member function.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Data is removed from the front of the input sequence by calling the
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_streambuf/consume.html" title="basic_streambuf::consume">consume()</a>
member function.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The streambuf constructor accepts a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
argument specifying the maximum of the sum of the sizes of the input sequence
and output sequence. Any operation that would, if successful, grow the
internal data beyond this limit will throw a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">length_error</span></code>
exception.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.buffers.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.buffers.bytewise_traversal_of_buffer_sequences"></a></span><a class="link" href="buffers.html#asio.overview.core.buffers.bytewise_traversal_of_buffer_sequences">Bytewise
Traversal of Buffer Sequences</a>
</h6>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">buffers_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
class template allows buffer sequences (i.e. types meeting <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MutableBufferSequence</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ConstBufferSequence</span></code> requirements) to
be traversed as though they were a contiguous sequence of bytes. Helper
functions called buffers_begin() and buffers_end() are also provided, where
the buffers_iterator&lt;&gt; template parameter is automatically deduced.
</p>
<p>
As an example, to read a single line from a socket and into a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code>, you may write:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">streambuf</span> <span class="identifier">sb</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">n</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">read_until</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">sb</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'\n'</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">streambuf</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">const_buffers_type</span> <span class="identifier">bufs</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sb</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">line</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffers_begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">bufs</span><span class="special">),</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffers_begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">bufs</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.buffers.h2"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.buffers.buffer_debugging"></a></span><a class="link" href="buffers.html#asio.overview.core.buffers.buffer_debugging">Buffer
Debugging</a>
</h6>
<p>
Some standard library implementations, such as the one that ships with
Microsoft Visual C++ 8.0 and later, provide a feature called iterator debugging.
What this means is that the validity of iterators is checked at runtime.
If a program tries to use an iterator that has been invalidated, an assertion
will be triggered. For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">clear</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// invalidates iterators</span>
<span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// assertion!</span>
</pre>
<p>
Asio takes advantage of this feature to add buffer debugging. Consider
the following code:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">dont_do_this</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"Hello, world!"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_write</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">my_handler</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
When you call an asynchronous read or write you need to ensure that the
buffers for the operation are valid until the completion handler is called.
In the above example, the buffer is the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code>
variable <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">msg</span></code>. This variable
is on the stack, and so it goes out of scope before the asynchronous operation
completes. If you're lucky then the application will crash, but random
failures are more likely.
</p>
<p>
When buffer debugging is enabled, Asio stores an iterator into the string
until the asynchronous operation completes, and then dereferences it to
check its validity. In the above example you would observe an assertion
failure just before Asio tries to call the completion handler.
</p>
<p>
This feature is automatically made available for Microsoft Visual Studio
8.0 or later and for GCC when <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_GLIBCXX_DEBUG</span></code>
is defined. There is a performance cost to this checking, so buffer debugging
is only enabled in debug builds. For other compilers it may be enabled
by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_ENABLE_BUFFER_DEBUGGING</span></code>.
It can also be explicitly disabled by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_DISABLE_BUFFER_DEBUGGING</span></code>.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.buffers.h3"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.buffers.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="buffers.html#asio.overview.core.buffers.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/buffer.html" title="buffer">buffer</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/buffers_begin.html" title="buffers_begin">buffers_begin</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/buffers_end.html" title="buffers_end">buffers_end</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/buffers_iterator.html" title="buffers_iterator">buffers_iterator</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/const_buffer.html" title="const_buffer">const_buffer</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/const_buffers_1.html" title="const_buffers_1">const_buffers_1</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/mutable_buffer.html" title="mutable_buffer">mutable_buffer</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/mutable_buffers_1.html" title="mutable_buffers_1">mutable_buffers_1</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/streambuf.html" title="streambuf">streambuf</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">ConstBufferSequence</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">MutableBufferSequence</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.buffers">buffers example (C++03)</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.buffers">buffers example (c++11)</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Stackless Coroutines</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.core.coroutine"></a><a class="link" href="coroutine.html" title="Stackless Coroutines">Stackless Coroutines</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
The <a class="link" href="../../reference/coroutine.html" title="coroutine"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">coroutine</span></code></a>
class provides support for stackless coroutines. Stackless coroutines enable
programs to implement asynchronous logic in a synchronous manner, with
minimal overhead, as shown in the following example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">session</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">coroutine</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">session</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">),</span>
<span class="identifier">buffer_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="number">1024</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">n</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">reenter</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="special">(;;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">yield</span> <span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">buffer_</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">yield</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_write</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">buffer_</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">coroutine</span></code> class is
used in conjunction with the pseudo-keywords <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">reenter</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">yield</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fork</span></code>. These are preprocessor macros,
and are implemented in terms of a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">switch</span></code>
statement using a technique similar to Duff's Device. The <a class="link" href="../../reference/coroutine.html" title="coroutine"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">coroutine</span></code></a> class's documentation
provides a complete description of these pseudo-keywords.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.coroutine.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.coroutine.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="coroutine.html#asio.overview.core.coroutine.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/coroutine.html" title="coroutine">coroutine</a>, <a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server_4">HTTP
Server 4 example</a>, <a class="link" href="spawn.html" title="Stackful Coroutines">Stackful
Coroutines</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.core.handler_tracking"></a><a class="link" href="handler_tracking.html" title="Handler Tracking">Handler Tracking</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
To aid in debugging asynchronous programs, Asio provides support for handler
tracking. When enabled by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_ENABLE_HANDLER_TRACKING</span></code>,
Asio writes debugging output to the standard error stream. The output records
asynchronous operations and the relationships between their handlers.
</p>
<p>
This feature is useful when debugging and you need to know how your asynchronous
operations are chained together, or what the pending asynchronous operations
are. As an illustration, here is the output when you run the HTTP Server
example, handle a single request, then shut down via Ctrl+C:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">@asio|1298160085.070638|0*1|signal_set@0x7fff50528f40.async_wait
@asio|1298160085.070888|0*2|socket@0x7fff50528f60.async_accept
@asio|1298160085.070913|0|resolver@0x7fff50528e28.cancel
@asio|1298160118.075438|&gt;2|ec=asio.system:0
@asio|1298160118.075472|2*3|socket@0xb39048.async_receive
@asio|1298160118.075507|2*4|socket@0x7fff50528f60.async_accept
@asio|1298160118.075527|&lt;2|
@asio|1298160118.075540|&gt;3|ec=asio.system:0,bytes_transferred=122
@asio|1298160118.075731|3*5|socket@0xb39048.async_send
@asio|1298160118.075778|&lt;3|
@asio|1298160118.075793|&gt;5|ec=asio.system:0,bytes_transferred=156
@asio|1298160118.075831|5|socket@0xb39048.close
@asio|1298160118.075855|&lt;5|
@asio|1298160122.827317|&gt;1|ec=asio.system:0,signal_number=2
@asio|1298160122.827333|1|socket@0x7fff50528f60.close
@asio|1298160122.827359|&lt;1|
@asio|1298160122.827370|&gt;4|ec=asio.system:125
@asio|1298160122.827378|&lt;4|
@asio|1298160122.827394|0|signal_set@0x7fff50528f40.cancel
</pre>
<p>
Each line is of the form:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">&lt;tag&gt;|&lt;timestamp&gt;|&lt;action&gt;|&lt;description&gt;
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput">&lt;tag&gt;</code> is always <code class="computeroutput">@asio</code>, and is used
to identify and extract the handler tracking messages from the program
output.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput">&lt;timestamp&gt;</code> is seconds and microseconds from 1 Jan
1970 UTC.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput">&lt;action&gt;</code> takes one of the following forms:
</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">&gt;n</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The program entered the handler number <code class="computeroutput">n</code>. The <code class="computeroutput">&lt;description&gt;</code>
shows the arguments to the handler.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">&lt;n</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The program left handler number <code class="computeroutput">n</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">!n</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The program left handler number n due to an exception.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">~n</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The handler number <code class="computeroutput">n</code> was destroyed without having been
invoked. This is usually the case for any unfinished asynchronous
operations when the <code class="computeroutput">io_service</code> is destroyed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">n*m</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The handler number <code class="computeroutput">n</code> created a new asynchronous operation
with completion handler number <code class="computeroutput">m</code>. The <code class="computeroutput">&lt;description&gt;</code>
shows what asynchronous operation was started.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">n</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The handler number n performed some other operation. The <code class="computeroutput">&lt;description&gt;</code>
shows what function was called. Currently only <code class="computeroutput">close()</code>
and <code class="computeroutput">cancel()</code> operations are logged, as these may affect
the state of pending asynchronous operations.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Where the <code class="computeroutput">&lt;description&gt;</code> shows a synchronous or asynchronous
operation, the format is <code class="computeroutput">&lt;object-type&gt;@&lt;pointer&gt;.&lt;operation&gt;</code>.
For handler entry, it shows a comma-separated list of arguments and their
values.
</p>
<p>
As shown above, Each handler is assigned a numeric identifier. Where the
handler tracking output shows a handler number of 0, it means that the
action was performed outside of any handler.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.handler_tracking.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.handler_tracking.visual_representations"></a></span><a class="link" href="handler_tracking.html#asio.overview.core.handler_tracking.visual_representations">Visual
Representations</a>
</h6>
<p>
The handler tracking output may be post-processed using the included <code class="literal">handlerviz.pl</code>
tool to create a visual representation of the handlers (requires the GraphViz
tool <code class="literal">dot</code>).
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<title>Line-Based Operations</title>
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<link rel="home" href="../../../index.html" title="Asio">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.core.line_based"></a><a class="link" href="line_based.html" title="Line-Based Operations">Line-Based Operations</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Many commonly-used internet protocols are line-based, which means that
they have protocol elements that are delimited by the character sequence
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"\r\n"</span></code>. Examples
include HTTP, SMTP and FTP. To more easily permit the implementation of
line-based protocols, as well as other protocols that use delimiters, Asio
includes the functions <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read_until</span><span class="special">()</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_until</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
The following example illustrates the use of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_until</span><span class="special">()</span></code> in an HTTP server, to receive the first
line of an HTTP request from a client:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">http_connection</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">start</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_read_until</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">data_</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"\r\n"</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">http_connection</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handle_request_line</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">_1</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handle_request_line</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">method</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">uri</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">version</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">sp1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">sp2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cr</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">lf</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">istream</span> <span class="identifier">is</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">data_</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">is</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">unsetf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">skipws</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">is</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">method</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sp1</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">uri</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sp2</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">version</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">cr</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">lf</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">streambuf</span> <span class="identifier">data_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">streambuf</span></code> data member
serves as a place to store the data that has been read from the socket
before it is searched for the delimiter. It is important to remember that
there may be additional data <span class="emphasis"><em>after</em></span> the delimiter.
This surplus data should be left in the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">streambuf</span></code>
so that it may be inspected by a subsequent call to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read_until</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_until</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
The delimiters may be specified as a single <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code>,
a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code> or a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">regex</span></code>.
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read_until</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_until</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
functions also include overloads that accept a user-defined function object
called a match condition. For example, to read data into a streambuf until
whitespace is encountered:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffers_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">streambuf</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">const_buffers_type</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">match_whitespace</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">isspace</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">++))</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">make_pair</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">make_pair</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">streambuf</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">read_until</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">match_whitespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
To read data into a streambuf until a matching character is found:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">match_char</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">match_char</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">c_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">c_</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">++)</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">make_pair</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">make_pair</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">c_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">is_match_condition</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">match_char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">true_type</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace asio</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">streambuf</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">read_until</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">match_char</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="char">'a'</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_match_condition</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> type trait automatically evaluates
to true for functions, and for function objects with a nested <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">result_type</span></code> typedef. For other types
the trait must be explicitly specialised, as shown above.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.line_based.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.line_based.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="line_based.html#asio.overview.core.line_based.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/async_read_until.html" title="async_read_until">async_read_until()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/is_match_condition.html" title="is_match_condition">is_match_condition</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/read_until.html" title="read_until">read_until()</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/streambuf.html" title="streambuf">streambuf</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_client">HTTP client example</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.core.reactor"></a><a class="link" href="reactor.html" title="Reactor-Style Operations">Reactor-Style Operations</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Sometimes a program must be integrated with a third-party library that
wants to perform the I/O operations itself. To facilitate this, Asio includes
a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">null_buffers</span></code> type that
can be used with both read and write operations. A <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">null_buffers</span></code>
operation doesn't return until the I/O object is "ready" to perform
the operation.
</p>
<p>
As an example, to perform a non-blocking read something like the following
may be used:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">non_blocking</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">null_buffers</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">read_handler</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">read_handler</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">buf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">available</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">read_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">buf</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
These operations are supported for sockets on all platforms, and for the
POSIX stream-oriented descriptor classes.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.reactor.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.reactor.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="reactor.html#asio.overview.core.reactor.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/null_buffers.html" title="null_buffers">null_buffers</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/non_blocking.html" title="basic_socket::non_blocking">basic_socket::non_blocking()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/native_non_blocking.html" title="basic_socket::native_non_blocking">basic_socket::native_non_blocking()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.nonblocking">nonblocking example</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<a name="asio.overview.core.spawn"></a><a class="link" href="spawn.html" title="Stackful Coroutines">Stackful Coroutines</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
The <a class="link" href="../../reference/spawn.html" title="spawn"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">spawn</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a> function is a high-level wrapper
for running stackful coroutines. It is based on the Boost.Coroutine library.
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">spawn</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
function enables programs to implement asynchronous logic in a synchronous
manner, as shown in the following example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">spawn</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_strand</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">do_echo</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// ...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">do_echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">yield_context</span> <span class="identifier">yield</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">128</span><span class="special">];</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="special">(;;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">length</span> <span class="special">=</span>
<span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">yield</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_write</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">yield</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">exception</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// ...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The first argument to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">spawn</span><span class="special">()</span></code> may be a <a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service__strand.html" title="io_service::strand"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">strand</span></code></a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service.html" title="io_service"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code></a>, or <a class="link" href="../../reference/CompletionHandler.html" title="Completion handler requirements">completion
handler</a>. This argument determines the context in which the coroutine
is permitted to execute. For example, a server's per-client object may
consist of multiple coroutines; they should all run on the same <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">strand</span></code> so that no explicit synchronisation
is required.
</p>
<p>
The second argument is a function object with signature:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">coroutine</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">yield_context</span> <span class="identifier">yield</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
that specifies the code to be run as part of the coroutine. The parameter
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">yield</span></code> may be passed to
an asynchronous operation in place of the completion handler, as in:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">length</span> <span class="special">=</span>
<span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">yield</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
This starts the asynchronous operation and suspends the coroutine. The
coroutine will be resumed automatically when the asynchronous operation
completes.
</p>
<p>
Where an asynchronous operation's handler signature has the form:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
the initiating function returns the result_type. In the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span></code>
example above, this is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>.
If the asynchronous operation fails, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
is converted into a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">system_error</span></code>
exception and thrown.
</p>
<p>
Where a handler signature has the form:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
the initiating function returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>.
As above, an error is passed back to the coroutine as a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">system_error</span></code>
exception.
</p>
<p>
To collect the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
from an operation, rather than have it throw an exception, associate the
output variable with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">yield_context</span></code>
as follows:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">length</span> <span class="special">=</span>
<span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">yield</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">]);</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Note:</strong></span> if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">spawn</span><span class="special">()</span></code> is used with a custom completion handler
of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Handler</span></code>, the function
object signature is actually:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">coroutine</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_yield_context</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Handler</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">yield</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.spawn.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.spawn.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="spawn.html#asio.overview.core.spawn.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/spawn.html" title="spawn">spawn</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/yield_context.html" title="yield_context">yield_context</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_yield_context.html" title="basic_yield_context">basic_yield_context</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.spawn">Spawn example (C++03)</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.spawn">Spawn example (C++11)</a>,
<a class="link" href="coroutine.html" title="Stackless Coroutines">Stackless Coroutines</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<title>Strands: Use Threads Without Explicit Locking</title>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.core.strands"></a><a class="link" href="strands.html" title="Strands: Use Threads Without Explicit Locking">Strands: Use Threads Without
Explicit Locking</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
A strand is defined as a strictly sequential invocation of event handlers
(i.e. no concurrent invocation). Use of strands allows execution of code
in a multithreaded program without the need for explicit locking (e.g.
using mutexes).
</p>
<p>
Strands may be either implicit or explicit, as illustrated by the following
alternative approaches:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Calling io_service::run() from only one thread means all event handlers
execute in an implicit strand, due to the io_service's guarantee that
handlers are only invoked from inside run().
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Where there is a single chain of asynchronous operations associated
with a connection (e.g. in a half duplex protocol implementation like
HTTP) there is no possibility of concurrent execution of the handlers.
This is an implicit strand.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An explicit strand is an instance of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">strand</span></code>.
All event handler function objects need to be wrapped using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">strand</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wrap</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
or otherwise posted/dispatched through the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">strand</span></code>
object.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
In the case of composed asynchronous operations, such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_until</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
if a completion handler goes through a strand, then all intermediate handlers
should also go through the same strand. This is needed to ensure thread
safe access for any objects that are shared between the caller and the
composed operation (in the case of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read</span><span class="special">()</span></code> it's the socket, which the caller can
close() to cancel the operation). This is done by having hook functions
for all intermediate handlers which forward the calls to the customisable
hook associated with the final handler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">my_handler</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">asio_handler_invoke</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">F</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">my_handler</span><span class="special">*)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Do custom invocation here.</span>
<span class="comment">// Default implementation calls f();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">strand</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wrap</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
function creates a new completion handler that defines <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio_handler_invoke</span></code>
so that the function object is executed through the strand.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.strands.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.strands.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="strands.html#asio.overview.core.strands.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service__strand.html" title="io_service::strand">io_service::strand</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../tutorial/tuttimer5.html" title="Timer.5 - Synchronising handlers in multithreaded programs">tutorial Timer.5</a>, <a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server_3">HTTP server 3 example</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<title>Streams, Short Reads and Short Writes</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.core.streams"></a><a class="link" href="streams.html" title="Streams, Short Reads and Short Writes">Streams, Short Reads and
Short Writes</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Many I/O objects in Asio are stream-oriented. This means that:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
There are no message boundaries. The data being transferred is a continuous
sequence of bytes.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Read or write operations may transfer fewer bytes than requested. This
is referred to as a short read or short write.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Objects that provide stream-oriented I/O model one or more of the following
type requirements:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">SyncReadStream</span></code>, where
synchronous read operations are performed using a member function called
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read_some</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">AsyncReadStream</span></code>, where
asynchronous read operations are performed using a member function
called <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">SyncWriteStream</span></code>, where
synchronous write operations are performed using a member function
called <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">write_some</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">AsyncWriteStream</span></code>, where
synchronous write operations are performed using a member function
called <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_write_some</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Examples of stream-oriented I/O objects include <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">posix</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_descriptor</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">windows</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_handle</span></code>,
etc.
</p>
<p>
Programs typically want to transfer an exact number of bytes. When a short
read or short write occurs the program must restart the operation, and
continue to do so until the required number of bytes has been transferred.
Asio provides generic functions that do this automatically: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">write</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_write</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.streams.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.streams.why_eof_is_an_error"></a></span><a class="link" href="streams.html#asio.overview.core.streams.why_eof_is_an_error">Why
EOF is an Error</a>
</h6>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
The end of a stream can cause <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read_until</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_until</span></code>
functions to violate their contract. E.g. a read of N bytes may finish
early due to EOF.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An EOF error may be used to distinguish the end of a stream from a
successful read of size 0.
</li>
</ul></div>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.streams.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.streams.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="streams.html#asio.overview.core.streams.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/async_read.html" title="async_read">async_read()</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/async_write.html" title="async_write">async_write()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/read.html" title="read">read()</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/write.html" title="write">write()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/AsyncReadStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous read stream requirements">AsyncReadStream</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/AsyncWriteStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous write stream requirements">AsyncWriteStream</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/SyncReadStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented synchronous read stream requirements">SyncReadStream</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/SyncWriteStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented synchronous write stream requirements">SyncWriteStream</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<a name="asio.overview.core.threads"></a><a class="link" href="threads.html" title="Threads and Asio">Threads and Asio</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.threads.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.threads.thread_safety"></a></span><a class="link" href="threads.html#asio.overview.core.threads.thread_safety">Thread
Safety</a>
</h6>
<p>
In general, it is safe to make concurrent use of distinct objects, but
unsafe to make concurrent use of a single object. However, types such as
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code> provide a stronger
guarantee that it is safe to use a single object concurrently.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.threads.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.threads.thread_pools"></a></span><a class="link" href="threads.html#asio.overview.core.threads.thread_pools">Thread
Pools</a>
</h6>
<p>
Multiple threads may call <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code> to set up a pool of threads from which
completion handlers may be invoked. This approach may also be used with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">post</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
to use a means to perform any computational tasks across a thread pool.
</p>
<p>
Note that all threads that have joined an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>'s
pool are considered equivalent, and the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
may distribute work across them in an arbitrary fashion.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.threads.h2"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.threads.internal_threads"></a></span><a class="link" href="threads.html#asio.overview.core.threads.internal_threads">Internal
Threads</a>
</h6>
<p>
The implementation of this library for a particular platform may make use
of one or more internal threads to emulate asynchronicity. As far as possible,
these threads must be invisible to the library user. In particular, the
threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
must not call the user's code directly; and
</li>
<li class="listitem">
must block all signals.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
This approach is complemented by the following guarantee:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Asynchronous completion handlers will only be called from threads that
are currently calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Consequently, it is the library user's responsibility to create and manage
all threads to which the notifications will be delivered.
</p>
<p>
The reasons for this approach include:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
By only calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code> from a single thread, the user's
code can avoid the development complexity associated with synchronisation.
For example, a library user can implement scalable servers that are
single-threaded (from the user's point of view).
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A library user may need to perform initialisation in a thread shortly
after the thread starts and before any other application code is executed.
For example, users of Microsoft's COM must call <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">CoInitializeEx</span></code>
before any other COM operations can be called from that thread.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
The library interface is decoupled from interfaces for thread creation
and management, and permits implementations on platforms where threads
are not available.
</li>
</ul></div>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.core.threads.h3"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.core.threads.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="threads.html#asio.overview.core.threads.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service.html" title="io_service">io_service</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<p>
Where the standard library provides <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>, Asio:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Provides overloads for the <a class="link" href="../../reference/buffer.html" title="buffer">buffer()</a>
function.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Uses it in preference to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> for the <a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address_v4/bytes_type.html" title="ip::address_v4::bytes_type">ip::address_v4::bytes_type</a>
and <a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address_v6/bytes_type.html" title="ip::address_v6::bytes_type">ip::address_v6::bytes_type</a>
types.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Uses it in preference to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> where a fixed size array type
is needed in the implementation.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Support for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
is automatically enabled for <code class="literal">g++</code> 4.3 and later, when
the <code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code> or <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code> compiler
options are used, as well as for Microsoft Visual C++ 10. It may be disabled
by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_DISABLE_STD_ARRAY</span></code>,
or explicitly enabled for other compilers by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_STD_ARRAY</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<a name="asio.overview.cpp2011.atomic"></a><a class="link" href="atomic.html" title="Atomics">Atomics</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio's implementation can use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">atomic</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> in preference to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">detail</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">atomic_count</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
Support for the standard atomic integer template is automatically enabled
for <code class="literal">g++</code> 4.5 and later, when the <code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code>
or <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code> compiler options are used. It may be
disabled by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_DISABLE_STD_ATOMIC</span></code>,
or explicitly enabled for other compilers by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_STD_ATOMIC</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.cpp2011.chrono"></a><a class="link" href="chrono.html" title="Chrono">Chrono</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio provides timers based on the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">chrono</span></code>
facilities via the <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_waitable_timer.html" title="basic_waitable_timer">basic_waitable_timer</a>
class template. The typedefs <a class="link" href="../../reference/system_timer.html" title="system_timer">system_timer</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/steady_timer.html" title="steady_timer">steady_timer</a> and <a class="link" href="../../reference/high_resolution_timer.html" title="high_resolution_timer">high_resolution_timer</a>
utilise the standard clocks <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">system_clock</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">steady_clock</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">high_resolution_clock</span></code> respectively.
</p>
<p>
Support for the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">chrono</span></code> facilities is automatically enabled
for <code class="literal">g++</code> 4.6 and later, when the <code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code>
or <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code> compiler options are used. (Note that,
for <code class="literal">g++</code>, the draft-standard <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">monotonic_clock</span></code>
is used in place of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">steady_clock</span></code>.)
Support may be disabled by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_DISABLE_STD_CHRONO</span></code>,
or explicitly enabled for other compilers by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_STD_CHRONO</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
When standard <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">chrono</span></code> is
unavailable, Asio will otherwise use the Boost.Chrono library. The <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_waitable_timer.html" title="basic_waitable_timer">basic_waitable_timer</a>
class template may be used with either.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.cpp2011.futures"></a><a class="link" href="futures.html" title="Futures">Futures</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">use_future</span></code> special value provides first-class
support for returning a C++11 <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">future</span></code>
from an asynchronous operation's initiating function.
</p>
<p>
To use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">use_future</span></code>, pass it to an asynchronous
operation instead of a normal completion handler. For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">future</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">length</span> <span class="special">=</span>
<span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_buffer</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">use_future</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Where a handler signature has the form:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
the initiating function returns a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">future</span></code>
templated on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">result_type</span></code>.
In the above example, this is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>.
If the asynchronous operation fails, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
is converted into a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">system_error</span></code>
exception and passed back to the caller through the future.
</p>
<p>
Where a handler signature has the form:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
the initiating function returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">future</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>. As above, an error is passed back
in the future as a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">system_error</span></code>
exception.
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/use_future.html" title="use_future">use_future</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/use_future_t.html" title="use_future_t">use_future_t</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.futures">Futures example (C++11)</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<p>
As an optimisation, user-defined completion handlers may provide move constructors,
and Asio's implementation will use a handler's move constructor in preference
to its copy constructor. In certain circumstances, Asio may be able to
eliminate all calls to a handler's copy constructor. However, handler types
are still required to be copy constructible.
</p>
<p>
When move support is enabled, asynchronous that are documented as follows:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Handler</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">async_XYZ</span><span class="special">(...,</span> <span class="identifier">Handler</span> <span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
are actually declared as:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Handler</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">async_XYZ</span><span class="special">(...,</span> <span class="identifier">Handler</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
The handler argument is perfectly forwarded and the move construction occurs
within the body of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_XYZ</span><span class="special">()</span></code>. This ensures that all other function
arguments are evaluated prior to the move. This is critical when the other
arguments to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_XYZ</span><span class="special">()</span></code> are members of the handler. For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">my_operation</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Move support is automatically enabled for <code class="literal">g++</code> 4.5 and
later, when the <code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code> or <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code>
compiler options are used. It may be disabled by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_DISABLE_MOVE</span></code>, or explicitly enabled
for other compilers by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_MOVE</span></code>.
Note that these macros also affect the availability of <a class="link" href="move_objects.html" title="Movable I/O Objects">movable
I/O objects</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
When move support is available (via rvalue references), Asio allows move
construction and assignment of sockets, serial ports, POSIX descriptors
and Windows handles.
</p>
<p>
Move support allows you to write code like:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">make_socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
or:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">connection</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">enable_shared_from_this</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">connection</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">connection</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">server</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">acceptor</span> <span class="identifier">acceptor_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handle_accept</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">make_shared</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">connection</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">))-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">go</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">acceptor_</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_accept</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">...);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
as well as:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sockets</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">sockets</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push_back</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(...));</span>
</pre>
<p>
A word of warning: There is nothing stopping you from moving these objects
while there are pending asynchronous operations, but it is unlikely to
be a good idea to do so. In particular, composed operations like <a class="link" href="../../reference/async_read.html" title="async_read">async_read()</a> store a reference
to the stream object. Moving during the composed operation means that the
composed operation may attempt to access a moved-from object.
</p>
<p>
Move support is automatically enabled for <code class="literal">g++</code> 4.5 and
later, when the <code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code> or <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code>
compiler options are used. It may be disabled by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_DISABLE_MOVE</span></code>, or explicitly enabled
for other compilers by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_MOVE</span></code>.
Note that these macros also affect the availability of <a class="link" href="move_handlers.html" title="Movable Handlers">movable
handlers</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio's implementation can use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">weak_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> in preference to the Boost equivalents.
</p>
<p>
Support for the standard smart pointers is automatically enabled for <code class="literal">g++</code>
4.3 and later, when the <code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code> or <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code>
compiler options are used, as well as for Microsoft Visual C++ 10. It may
be disabled by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_DISABLE_STD_SHARED_PTR</span></code>,
or explicitly enabled for other compilers by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_STD_SHARED_PTR</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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Error Codes</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
When available, Asio can use the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">system_error</span></code> classes for reporting errors.
In this case, the names <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">system_error</span></code> will be typedefs for these
standard classes.
</p>
<p>
System error support is automatically enabled for <code class="literal">g++</code>
4.6 and later, when the <code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code> or <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code>
compiler options are used. It may be disabled by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_DISABLE_STD_SYSTEM_ERROR</span></code>, or explicitly
enabled for other compilers by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_STD_SYSTEM_ERROR</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<a name="asio.overview.cpp2011.variadic"></a><a class="link" href="variadic.html" title="Variadic Templates">Variadic Templates</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
When supported by a compiler, Asio can use variadic templates to implement
the <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket_streambuf/connect.html" title="basic_socket_streambuf::connect">basic_socket_streambuf::connect()</a>
and <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket_iostream/connect.html" title="basic_socket_iostream::connect">basic_socket_iostream::connect()</a>
functions.
</p>
<p>
Support for variadic templates is automatically enabled for <code class="literal">g++</code>
4.3 and later, when the <code class="literal">-std=c++0x</code> or <code class="literal">-std=gnu++0x</code>
compiler options are used. It may be disabled by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_DISABLE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES</span></code>, or explicitly
enabled for other compilers by defining <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES</span></code>.
</p>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.implementation"></a><a class="link" href="implementation.html" title="Platform-Specific Implementation Notes">Platform-Specific Implementation
Notes</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
This section lists platform-specific implementation details, such as the
default demultiplexing mechanism, the number of threads created internally,
and when threads are created.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.linux_kernel_2_4"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.linux_kernel_2_4">Linux
Kernel 2.4</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code> for demultiplexing.
This means that the number of file descriptors in the process cannot
be permitted to exceed <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">FD_SETSIZE</span></code>.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code>
is performed in one of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
At most <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">IOV_MAX</span><span class="special">)</span></code> buffers may be transferred in a single
operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.linux_kernel_2_6"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.linux_kernel_2_6">Linux
Kernel 2.6</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">epoll</span></code> for demultiplexing.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">epoll</span></code>
is performed in one of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
At most <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">IOV_MAX</span><span class="special">)</span></code> buffers may be transferred in a single
operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h2"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.solaris"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.solaris">Solaris</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="literal">/dev/poll</code> for demultiplexing.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="literal">/dev/poll</code> is performed in one
of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
At most <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">IOV_MAX</span><span class="special">)</span></code> buffers may be transferred in a single
operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h3"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.qnx_neutrino"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.qnx_neutrino">QNX
Neutrino</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code> for demultiplexing.
This means that the number of file descriptors in the process cannot
be permitted to exceed <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">FD_SETSIZE</span></code>.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code>
is performed in one of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
At most <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">IOV_MAX</span><span class="special">)</span></code> buffers may be transferred in a single
operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h4"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.mac_os_x"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.mac_os_x">Mac
OS X</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">kqueue</span></code> for demultiplexing.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">kqueue</span></code>
is performed in one of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
At most <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">IOV_MAX</span><span class="special">)</span></code> buffers may be transferred in a single
operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h5"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.freebsd"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.freebsd">FreeBSD</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">kqueue</span></code> for demultiplexing.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">kqueue</span></code>
is performed in one of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
At most <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">IOV_MAX</span><span class="special">)</span></code> buffers may be transferred in a single
operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h6"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.aix"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.aix">AIX</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code> for demultiplexing.
This means that the number of file descriptors in the process cannot
be permitted to exceed <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">FD_SETSIZE</span></code>.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code>
is performed in one of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
At most <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">IOV_MAX</span><span class="special">)</span></code> buffers may be transferred in a single
operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h7"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.hp_ux"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.hp_ux">HP-UX</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code> for demultiplexing.
This means that the number of file descriptors in the process cannot
be permitted to exceed <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">FD_SETSIZE</span></code>.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code>
is performed in one of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
At most <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">IOV_MAX</span><span class="special">)</span></code> buffers may be transferred in a single
operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h8"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.tru64"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.tru64">Tru64</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code> for demultiplexing.
This means that the number of file descriptors in the process cannot
be permitted to exceed <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">FD_SETSIZE</span></code>.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code>
is performed in one of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
At most <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">64</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">IOV_MAX</span><span class="special">)</span></code> buffers may be transferred in a single
operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h9"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.windows_95__98_and_me"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.windows_95__98_and_me">Windows
95, 98 and Me</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code> for demultiplexing.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code>
is performed in one of the threads that calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
For sockets, at most 16 buffers may be transferred in a single operation.
</li></ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h10"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.windows_nt__2000__xp__2003__vista__7_and_8"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.windows_nt__2000__xp__2003__vista__7_and_8">Windows
NT, 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, 7 and 8</a>
</h5>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Uses overlapped I/O and I/O completion ports for all asynchronous socket
operations except for asynchronous connect.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code> for emulating
asynchronous connect.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Demultiplexing using I/O completion ports is performed in all threads
that call <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">run_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">poll_one</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to trigger timers. This thread is created on construction of
the first <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deadline_timer</span></code>
or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deadline_timer_service</span></code>
objects.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used for the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span></code>
demultiplexing. This thread is created on the first call to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_connect</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to emulate asynchronous host resolution. This thread is created
on the first call to either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
For sockets, at most 64 buffers may be transferred in a single operation.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
For stream-oriented handles, only one buffer may be transferred in a
single operation.
</li>
</ul></div>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.implementation.h11"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.implementation.windows_runtime"></a></span><a class="link" href="implementation.html#asio.overview.implementation.windows_runtime">Windows
Runtime</a>
</h5>
<p>
Asio provides limited support for the Windows Runtime. It requires that the
language extensions be enabled. Due to the restricted facilities exposed
by the Windows Runtime API, the support comes with the following caveats:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
The core facilities such as the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">strand</span></code>, buffers, composed
operations, timers, etc., should all work as normal.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
For sockets, only client-side TCP is supported.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Explicit binding of a client-side TCP socket is not supported.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cancel</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
function is not supported for sockets. Asynchronous operations may only
be cancelled by closing the socket.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Operations that use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">null_buffers</span></code>
are not supported.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Only <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">no_delay</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socket_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">keep_alive</span></code>
options are supported.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Resolvers do not support service names, only numbers. I.e. you must use
"80" rather than "http".
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Most resolver query flags have no effect.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Demultiplexing mechanism:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
Uses the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Windows</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">Networking</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">Sockets</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">StreamSocket</span></code> class to implement asynchronous
TCP socket operations.
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Threads:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Event completions are delivered to the Windows thread pool and posted
to the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code> for
the handler to be executed.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An additional thread per <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
is used to trigger timers. This thread is created on construction of
the first timer objects.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Scatter-Gather:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
For sockets, at most one buffer may be transferred in a single operation.
</li></ul></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.networking"></a><a class="link" href="networking.html" title="Networking">Networking</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="networking/protocols.html" title="TCP, UDP and ICMP">TCP, UDP and ICMP</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="networking/other_protocols.html" title="Support for Other Protocols">Support for
Other Protocols</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="networking/iostreams.html" title="Socket Iostreams">Socket Iostreams</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="networking/bsd_sockets.html" title="The BSD Socket API and Asio">The BSD Socket API
and Asio</a>
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<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.networking.bsd_sockets"></a><a class="link" href="bsd_sockets.html" title="The BSD Socket API and Asio">The BSD Socket
API and Asio</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
The Asio library includes a low-level socket interface based on the BSD
socket API, which is widely implemented and supported by extensive literature.
It is also used as the basis for networking APIs in other languages, like
Java. This low-level interface is designed to support the development of
efficient and scalable applications. For example, it permits programmers
to exert finer control over the number of system calls, avoid redundant
data copying, minimise the use of resources like threads, and so on.
</p>
<p>
Unsafe and error prone aspects of the BSD socket API not included. For
example, the use of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> to
represent all sockets lacks type safety. The socket representation in Asio
uses a distinct type for each protocol, e.g. for TCP one would use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span></code>, and for UDP one uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
The following table shows the mapping between the BSD socket API and Asio:
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
BSD Socket API Elements
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Equivalents in Asio
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
socket descriptor - <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
(POSIX) or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">SOCKET</span></code>
(Windows)
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__tcp/socket.html" title="ip::tcp::socket">ip::tcp::socket</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__tcp/acceptor.html" title="ip::tcp::acceptor">ip::tcp::acceptor</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__udp/socket.html" title="ip::udp::socket">ip::udp::socket</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket.html" title="basic_socket">basic_socket</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket.html" title="basic_stream_socket">basic_stream_socket</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket.html" title="basic_datagram_socket">basic_datagram_socket</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_raw_socket.html" title="basic_raw_socket">basic_raw_socket</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">in_addr</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">in6_addr</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address.html" title="ip::address">ip::address</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address.html" title="ip::address">ip::address_v4</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address.html" title="ip::address">ip::address_v6</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sockaddr_in</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sockaddr_in6</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__tcp/endpoint.html" title="ip::tcp::endpoint">ip::tcp::endpoint</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__udp/endpoint.html" title="ip::udp::endpoint">ip::udp::endpoint</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__basic_endpoint.html" title="ip::basic_endpoint">ip::basic_endpoint</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket_acceptor/accept.html" title="basic_socket_acceptor::accept">ip::tcp::acceptor::accept()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket_acceptor/accept.html" title="basic_socket_acceptor::accept">basic_socket_acceptor::accept()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/bind.html" title="basic_socket::bind">ip::tcp::acceptor::bind()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/bind.html" title="basic_socket::bind">ip::tcp::socket::bind()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/bind.html" title="basic_socket::bind">ip::udp::socket::bind()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/bind.html" title="basic_socket::bind">basic_socket::bind()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/close.html" title="basic_socket::close">ip::tcp::acceptor::close()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/close.html" title="basic_socket::close">ip::tcp::socket::close()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/close.html" title="basic_socket::close">ip::udp::socket::close()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/close.html" title="basic_socket::close">basic_socket::close()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/connect.html" title="basic_socket::connect">ip::tcp::socket::connect()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/connect.html" title="basic_socket::connect">ip::udp::socket::connect()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/connect.html" title="basic_socket::connect">basic_socket::connect()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getaddrinfo</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">gethostbyaddr</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">gethostbyname</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getnameinfo</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getservbyname</span><span class="special">()</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getservbyport</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__basic_resolver/resolve.html" title="ip::basic_resolver::resolve">ip::tcp::resolver::resolve()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__basic_resolver/async_resolve.html" title="ip::basic_resolver::async_resolve">ip::tcp::resolver::async_resolve()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__basic_resolver/resolve.html" title="ip::basic_resolver::resolve">ip::udp::resolver::resolve()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__basic_resolver/async_resolve.html" title="ip::basic_resolver::async_resolve">ip::udp::resolver::async_resolve()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__basic_resolver/resolve.html" title="ip::basic_resolver::resolve">ip::basic_resolver::resolve()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__basic_resolver/async_resolve.html" title="ip::basic_resolver::async_resolve">ip::basic_resolver::async_resolve()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">gethostname</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__host_name.html" title="ip::host_name">ip::host_name()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getpeername</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/remote_endpoint.html" title="basic_socket::remote_endpoint">ip::tcp::socket::remote_endpoint()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/remote_endpoint.html" title="basic_socket::remote_endpoint">ip::udp::socket::remote_endpoint()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/remote_endpoint.html" title="basic_socket::remote_endpoint">basic_socket::remote_endpoint()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockname</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/local_endpoint.html" title="basic_socket::local_endpoint">ip::tcp::acceptor::local_endpoint()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/local_endpoint.html" title="basic_socket::local_endpoint">ip::tcp::socket::local_endpoint()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/local_endpoint.html" title="basic_socket::local_endpoint">ip::udp::socket::local_endpoint()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/local_endpoint.html" title="basic_socket::local_endpoint">basic_socket::local_endpoint()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/get_option.html" title="basic_socket::get_option">ip::tcp::acceptor::get_option()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/get_option.html" title="basic_socket::get_option">ip::tcp::socket::get_option()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/get_option.html" title="basic_socket::get_option">ip::udp::socket::get_option()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/get_option.html" title="basic_socket::get_option">basic_socket::get_option()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">inet_addr</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">inet_aton</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">inet_pton</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address/from_string.html" title="ip::address::from_string">ip::address::from_string()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address/from_string.html" title="ip::address::from_string">ip::address_v4::from_string()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address/from_string.html" title="ip::address::from_string">ip_address_v6::from_string()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">inet_ntoa</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">inet_ntop</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address/to_string.html" title="ip::address::to_string">ip::address::to_string()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address/to_string.html" title="ip::address::to_string">ip::address_v4::to_string()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__address/to_string.html" title="ip::address::to_string">ip_address_v6::to_string()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ioctl</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/io_control.html" title="basic_socket::io_control">ip::tcp::socket::io_control()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/io_control.html" title="basic_socket::io_control">ip::udp::socket::io_control()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/io_control.html" title="basic_socket::io_control">basic_socket::io_control()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">listen</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket_acceptor/listen.html" title="basic_socket_acceptor::listen">ip::tcp::acceptor::listen()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket_acceptor/listen.html" title="basic_socket_acceptor::listen">basic_socket_acceptor::listen()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">poll</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">select</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pselect</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service/run.html" title="io_service::run">io_service::run()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service/run_one.html" title="io_service::run_one">io_service::run_one()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service/poll.html" title="io_service::poll">io_service::poll()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service/poll_one.html" title="io_service::poll_one">io_service::poll_one()</a>
</p>
<p>
Note: in conjunction with asynchronous operations.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">readv</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">recv</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/read_some.html" title="basic_stream_socket::read_some">ip::tcp::socket::read_some()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_read_some.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_read_some">ip::tcp::socket::async_read_some()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/receive.html" title="basic_stream_socket::receive">ip::tcp::socket::receive()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_receive.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_receive">ip::tcp::socket::async_receive()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/receive.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::receive">ip::udp::socket::receive()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_receive.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_receive">ip::udp::socket::async_receive()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/read_some.html" title="basic_stream_socket::read_some">basic_stream_socket::read_some()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_read_some.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_read_some">basic_stream_socket::async_read_some()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/receive.html" title="basic_stream_socket::receive">basic_stream_socket::receive()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_receive.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_receive">basic_stream_socket::async_receive()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/receive.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::receive">basic_datagram_socket::receive()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_receive.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_receive">basic_datagram_socket::async_receive()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">recvfrom</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/receive_from.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::receive_from">ip::udp::socket::receive_from()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_receive_from.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_receive_from">ip::udp::socket::async_receive_from()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/receive_from.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::receive_from">basic_datagram_socket::receive_from()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_receive_from.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_receive_from">basic_datagram_socket::async_receive_from()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">send</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">write</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">writev</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/write_some.html" title="basic_stream_socket::write_some">ip::tcp::socket::write_some()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_write_some.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_write_some">ip::tcp::socket::async_write_some()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/send.html" title="basic_stream_socket::send">ip::tcp::socket::send()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_send.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_send">ip::tcp::socket::async_send()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/send.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::send">ip::udp::socket::send()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_send.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_send">ip::udp::socket::async_send()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/write_some.html" title="basic_stream_socket::write_some">basic_stream_socket::write_some()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_write_some.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_write_some">basic_stream_socket::async_write_some()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/send.html" title="basic_stream_socket::send">basic_stream_socket::send()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_send.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_send">basic_stream_socket::async_send()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/send.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::send">basic_datagram_socket::send()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_send.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_send">basic_datagram_socket::async_send()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sendto</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/send_to.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::send_to">ip::udp::socket::send_to()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_send_to.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_send_to">ip::udp::socket::async_send_to()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/send_to.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::send_to">basic_datagram_socket::send_to()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_send_to.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_send_to">basic_datagram_socket::async_send_to()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">setsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/set_option.html" title="basic_socket::set_option">ip::tcp::acceptor::set_option()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/set_option.html" title="basic_socket::set_option">ip::tcp::socket::set_option()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/set_option.html" title="basic_socket::set_option">ip::udp::socket::set_option()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/set_option.html" title="basic_socket::set_option">basic_socket::set_option()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shutdown</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/shutdown.html" title="basic_socket::shutdown">ip::tcp::socket::shutdown()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/shutdown.html" title="basic_socket::shutdown">ip::udp::socket::shutdown()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/shutdown.html" title="basic_socket::shutdown">basic_socket::shutdown()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sockatmark</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/at_mark.html" title="basic_socket::at_mark">ip::tcp::socket::at_mark()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/at_mark.html" title="basic_socket::at_mark">basic_socket::at_mark()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
For TCP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/open.html" title="basic_socket::open">ip::tcp::acceptor::open()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/open.html" title="basic_socket::open">ip::tcp::socket::open()</a>
</p>
<p>
For UDP: <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/open.html" title="basic_socket::open">ip::udp::socket::open()</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/open.html" title="basic_socket::open">basic_socket::open()</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socketpair</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__connect_pair.html" title="local::connect_pair">local::connect_pair()</a>
</p>
<p>
Note: POSIX operating systems only.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<title>Socket Iostreams</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.networking.iostreams"></a><a class="link" href="iostreams.html" title="Socket Iostreams">Socket Iostreams</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio includes classes that implement iostreams on top of sockets. These
hide away the complexities associated with endpoint resolution, protocol
independence, etc. To create a connection one might simply write:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span> <span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"www.boost.org"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"http"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Can't connect.</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The iostream class can also be used in conjunction with an acceptor to
create simple servers. For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">io_service</span> <span class="identifier">ios</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">v4</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="number">80</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">acceptor</span> <span class="identifier">acceptor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ios</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="special">(;;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span> <span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">acceptor</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rdbuf</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Timeouts may be set by calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">expires_at</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">expires_from_now</span><span class="special">()</span></code> to establish a deadline. Any socket operations
that occur past the deadline will put the iostream into a "bad"
state.
</p>
<p>
For example, a simple client program like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span> <span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">expires_from_now</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">posix_time</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">seconds</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">60</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"www.boost.org"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"http"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">stream</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"GET /LICENSE_1_0.txt HTTP/1.0\r\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">stream</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Host: www.boost.org\r\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">stream</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Accept: */*\r\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">stream</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Connection: close\r\n\r\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">flush</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rdbuf</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
will fail if all the socket operations combined take longer than 60 seconds.
</p>
<p>
If an error does occur, the iostream's <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">()</span></code> member function may be used to retrieve
the error code from the most recent system call:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"Error: "</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">message</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.iostreams.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.iostreams.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="iostreams.html#asio.overview.networking.iostreams.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__tcp/iostream.html" title="ip::tcp::iostream">ip::tcp::iostream</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket_iostream.html" title="basic_socket_iostream">basic_socket_iostream</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.iostreams">iostreams examples</a>.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.iostreams.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.iostreams.notes"></a></span><a class="link" href="iostreams.html#asio.overview.networking.iostreams.notes">Notes</a>
</h6>
<p>
These iostream templates only support <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code>,
not <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">wchar_t</span></code>, and do not perform
any code conversion.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<title>Support for Other Protocols</title>
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<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr><td valign="top"><img alt="asio C++ library" width="250" height="60" src="../../../asio.png"></td></tr></table>
<hr>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.networking.other_protocols"></a><a class="link" href="other_protocols.html" title="Support for Other Protocols">Support for
Other Protocols</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Support for other socket protocols (such as Bluetooth or IRCOMM sockets)
can be added by implementing the <a class="link" href="../../reference/Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements">protocol
type requirements</a>. However, in many cases these protocols may also
be used with Asio's generic protocol support. For this, Asio provides the
following four classes:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../../reference/generic__datagram_protocol.html" title="generic::datagram_protocol"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">datagram_protocol</span></code></a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../../reference/generic__raw_protocol.html" title="generic::raw_protocol"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">raw_protocol</span></code></a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../../reference/generic__seq_packet_protocol.html" title="generic::seq_packet_protocol"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">seq_packet_protocol</span></code></a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../../reference/generic__stream_protocol.html" title="generic::stream_protocol"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span></code></a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
These classes implement the <a class="link" href="../../reference/Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements">protocol
type requirements</a>, but allow the user to specify the address family
(e.g. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">AF_INET</span></code>) and protocol
type (e.g. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">IPPROTO_TCP</span></code>)
at runtime. For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">AF_INET</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IPPROTO_TCP</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
<p>
An endpoint class template, <a class="link" href="../../reference/generic__basic_endpoint.html" title="generic::basic_endpoint"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_endpoint</span></code></a>, is included to
support these protocol classes. This endpoint can hold any other endpoint
type, provided its native representation fits into a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sockaddr_storage</span></code>
object. This class will also convert from other types that implement the
<a class="link" href="../../reference/Endpoint.html" title="Endpoint requirements">endpoint</a> type requirements:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="identifier">my_endpoint1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">...;</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="identifier">my_endpoint2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_endpoint1</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
The conversion is implicit, so as to support the following use cases:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="identifier">my_endpoint</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">...;</span>
<span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_endpoint</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.other_protocols.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.other_protocols.c__11_move_construction"></a></span><a class="link" href="other_protocols.html#asio.overview.networking.other_protocols.c__11_move_construction">C++11
Move Construction</a>
</h6>
<p>
When using C++11, it is possible to perform move construction from a socket
(or acceptor) object to convert to the more generic protocol's socket (or
acceptor) type. If the protocol conversion is valid:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">Protocol1</span> <span class="identifier">p1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">...;</span>
<span class="identifier">Protocol2</span> <span class="identifier">p2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p1</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
then the corresponding socket conversion is allowed:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">Protocol1</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">my_socket1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">Protocol2</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">my_socket2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_socket1</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
For example, one possible conversion is from a TCP socket to a generic
stream-oriented socket:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">my_socket1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">my_socket2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_socket1</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
These conversions are also available for move-assignment.
</p>
<p>
These conversions are not limited to the above generic protocol classes.
User-defined protocols may take advantage of this feature by similarly
ensuring the conversion from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Protocol1</span></code>
to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Protocol2</span></code> is valid,
as above.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.other_protocols.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.other_protocols.accepting_generic_sockets"></a></span><a class="link" href="other_protocols.html#asio.overview.networking.other_protocols.accepting_generic_sockets">Accepting
Generic Sockets</a>
</h6>
<p>
As a convenience, a socket acceptor's <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">()</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_accept</span><span class="special">()</span></code> functions can directly accept into a
different protocol's socket type, provided the corresponding protocol conversion
is valid. For example, the following is supported because the protocol
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span></code> is convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">acceptor</span> <span class="identifier">my_acceptor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">my_acceptor</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_socket</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.other_protocols.h2"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.other_protocols.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="other_protocols.html#asio.overview.networking.other_protocols.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/generic__datagram_protocol.html" title="generic::datagram_protocol"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">datagram_protocol</span></code></a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/generic__raw_protocol.html" title="generic::raw_protocol"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">raw_protocol</span></code></a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/generic__seq_packet_protocol.html" title="generic::seq_packet_protocol"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">seq_packet_protocol</span></code></a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/generic__stream_protocol.html" title="generic::stream_protocol"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">generic</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span></code></a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements">protocol
type requirements</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<title>TCP, UDP and ICMP</title>
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<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="../networking.html"><img src="../../../prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../networking.html"><img src="../../../up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../../../index.html"><img src="../../../home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="other_protocols.html"><img src="../../../next.png" alt="Next"></a>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols"></a><a class="link" href="protocols.html" title="TCP, UDP and ICMP">TCP, UDP and ICMP</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio provides off-the-shelf support for the internet protocols TCP, UDP
and ICMP.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.tcp_clients"></a></span><a class="link" href="protocols.html#asio.overview.networking.protocols.tcp_clients">TCP
Clients</a>
</h6>
<p>
Hostname resolution is performed using a resolver, where host and service
names are looked up and converted into one or more endpoints:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span> <span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">query</span> <span class="identifier">query</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"www.boost.org"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"http"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resolve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">query</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// End marker.</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">++;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The list of endpoints obtained above could contain both IPv4 and IPv6 endpoints,
so a program should try each of them until it finds one that works. This
keeps the client program independent of a specific IP version.
</p>
<p>
To simplify the development of protocol-independent programs, TCP clients
may establish connections using the free functions <a class="link" href="../../reference/connect.html" title="connect">connect()</a>
and <a class="link" href="../../reference/async_connect.html" title="async_connect">async_connect()</a>.
These operations try each endpoint in a list until the socket is successfully
connected. For example, a single call:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resolve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">query</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
will synchronously try all endpoints until one is successfully connected.
Similarly, an asynchronous connect may be performed by writing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket_</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">client</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handle_connect</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="comment">// ...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handle_connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Start read or write operations.</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Handle error.</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
When a specific endpoint is available, a socket can be created and connected:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Data may be read from or written to a connected TCP socket using the <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/receive.html" title="basic_stream_socket::receive">receive()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_receive.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_receive">async_receive()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/send.html" title="basic_stream_socket::send">send()</a> or
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_stream_socket/async_send.html" title="basic_stream_socket::async_send">async_send()</a>
member functions. However, as these could result in <a class="link" href="../core/streams.html" title="Streams, Short Reads and Short Writes">short
writes or reads</a>, an application will typically use the following
operations instead: <a class="link" href="../../reference/read.html" title="read">read()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/async_read.html" title="async_read">async_read()</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/write.html" title="write">write()</a>
and <a class="link" href="../../reference/async_write.html" title="async_write">async_write()</a>.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.tcp_servers"></a></span><a class="link" href="protocols.html#asio.overview.networking.protocols.tcp_servers">TCP
Servers</a>
</h6>
<p>
A program uses an acceptor to accept incoming TCP connections:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">acceptor</span> <span class="identifier">acceptor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">my_endpoint</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">acceptor</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
After a socket has been successfully accepted, it may be read from or written
to as illustrated for TCP clients above.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.h2"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.udp"></a></span><a class="link" href="protocols.html#asio.overview.networking.protocols.udp">UDP</a>
</h6>
<p>
UDP hostname resolution is also performed using a resolver:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span> <span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">query</span> <span class="identifier">query</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"localhost"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"daytime"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resolve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">query</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
<p>
A UDP socket is typically bound to a local endpoint. The following code
will create an IP version 4 UDP socket and bind it to the "any"
address on port <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">12345</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">v4</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="number">12345</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">udp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Data may be read from or written to an unconnected UDP socket using the
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/receive_from.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::receive_from">receive_from()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_receive_from.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_receive_from">async_receive_from()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/send_to.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::send_to">send_to()</a>
or <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_send_to.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_send_to">async_send_to()</a>
member functions. For a connected UDP socket, use the <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/receive.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::receive">receive()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_receive.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_receive">async_receive()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/send.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::send">send()</a>
or <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_datagram_socket/async_send.html" title="basic_datagram_socket::async_send">async_send()</a>
member functions.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.h3"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.icmp"></a></span><a class="link" href="protocols.html#asio.overview.networking.protocols.icmp">ICMP</a>
</h6>
<p>
As with TCP and UDP, ICMP hostname resolution is performed using a resolver:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">icmp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span> <span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">icmp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">query</span> <span class="identifier">query</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"localhost"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">""</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">icmp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resolve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">query</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
<p>
An ICMP socket may be bound to a local endpoint. The following code will
create an IP version 6 ICMP socket and bind it to the "any" address:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">icmp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">icmp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">v6</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">icmp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
The port number is not used for ICMP.
</p>
<p>
Data may be read from or written to an unconnected ICMP socket using the
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_raw_socket/receive_from.html" title="basic_raw_socket::receive_from">receive_from()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_raw_socket/async_receive_from.html" title="basic_raw_socket::async_receive_from">async_receive_from()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_raw_socket/send_to.html" title="basic_raw_socket::send_to">send_to()</a>
or <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_raw_socket/async_send_to.html" title="basic_raw_socket::async_send_to">async_send_to()</a>
member functions.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.h4"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.networking.protocols.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="protocols.html#asio.overview.networking.protocols.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__tcp.html" title="ip::tcp">ip::tcp</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__udp.html" title="ip::udp">ip::udp</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/ip__icmp.html" title="ip::icmp">ip::icmp</a>, <a class="link" href="../../tutorial/tutdaytime1.html" title="Daytime.1 - A synchronous TCP daytime client">daytime
protocol tutorials</a>, <a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.icmp">ICMP
ping example</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
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<a accesskey="p" href="../networking.html"><img src="../../../prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../networking.html"><img src="../../../up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../../../index.html"><img src="../../../home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="other_protocols.html"><img src="../../../next.png" alt="Next"></a>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>POSIX-Specific Functionality</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../../index.html" title="Asio">
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</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.posix"></a><a class="link" href="posix.html" title="POSIX-Specific Functionality">POSIX-Specific Functionality</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<a class="link" href="posix/local.html" title="UNIX Domain Sockets">UNIX Domain Sockets</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="posix/stream_descriptor.html" title="Stream-Oriented File Descriptors">Stream-Oriented File
Descriptors</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="link" href="posix/fork.html" title="Fork">Fork</a>
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<a accesskey="p" href="signals.html"><img src="../../prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../overview.html"><img src="../../up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../../index.html"><img src="../../home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="posix/local.html"><img src="../../next.png" alt="Next"></a>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Fork</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../../../index.html" title="Asio">
<link rel="up" href="../posix.html" title="POSIX-Specific Functionality">
<link rel="prev" href="stream_descriptor.html" title="Stream-Oriented File Descriptors">
<link rel="next" href="../windows.html" title="Windows-Specific Functionality">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr><td valign="top"><img alt="asio C++ library" width="250" height="60" src="../../../asio.png"></td></tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="stream_descriptor.html"><img src="../../../prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../posix.html"><img src="../../../up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../../../index.html"><img src="../../../home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="../windows.html"><img src="../../../next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.posix.fork"></a><a class="link" href="fork.html" title="Fork">Fork</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio supports programs that utilise the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fork</span><span class="special">()</span></code> system call. Provided the program calls
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">notify_fork</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
at the appropriate times, Asio will recreate any internal file descriptors
(such as the "self-pipe trick" descriptor used for waking up
a reactor). The notification is usually performed as follows:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">io_service_</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">notify_fork</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fork_prepare</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">fork</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">io_service_</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">notify_fork</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fork_child</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">io_service_</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">notify_fork</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fork_parent</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
User-defined services can also be made fork-aware by overriding the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fork_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
virtual function.
</p>
<p>
Note that any file descriptors accessible via Asio's public API (e.g. the
descriptors underlying <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">basic_socket</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">posix</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_descriptor</span></code>,
etc.) are not altered during a fork. It is the program's responsibility
to manage these as required.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.posix.fork.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.posix.fork.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="fork.html#asio.overview.posix.fork.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service/notify_fork.html" title="io_service::notify_fork">io_service::notify_fork()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service/fork_event.html" title="io_service::fork_event">io_service::fork_event</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/io_service__service/fork_service.html" title="io_service::service::fork_service">io_service::service::fork_service()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.fork">Fork examples</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<a accesskey="p" href="stream_descriptor.html"><img src="../../../prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../posix.html"><img src="../../../up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../../../index.html"><img src="../../../home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="../windows.html"><img src="../../../next.png" alt="Next"></a>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>UNIX Domain Sockets</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../../../index.html" title="Asio">
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<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr><td valign="top"><img alt="asio C++ library" width="250" height="60" src="../../../asio.png"></td></tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
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</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.posix.local"></a><a class="link" href="local.html" title="UNIX Domain Sockets">UNIX Domain Sockets</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio provides basic support UNIX domain sockets (also known as local sockets).
The simplest use involves creating a pair of connected sockets. The following
code:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">connect_pair</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">socket2</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
will create a pair of stream-oriented sockets. To do the same for datagram-oriented
sockets, use:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">datagram_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">datagram_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">connect_pair</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">socket2</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
A UNIX domain socket server may be created by binding an acceptor to an
endpoint, in much the same way as one does for a TCP server:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unlink</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"/tmp/foobar"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// Remove previous binding.</span>
<span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="identifier">ep</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"/tmp/foobar"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">acceptor</span> <span class="identifier">acceptor</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ep</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">acceptor</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
A client that connects to this server might look like:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span> <span class="identifier">ep</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"/tmp/foobar"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ep</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Transmission of file descriptors or credentials across UNIX domain sockets
is not directly supported within Asio, but may be achieved by accessing
the socket's underlying descriptor using the <a class="link" href="../../reference/basic_socket/native_handle.html" title="basic_socket::native_handle">native_handle()</a>
member function.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.posix.local.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.posix.local.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="local.html#asio.overview.posix.local.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__connect_pair.html" title="local::connect_pair">local::connect_pair</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__datagram_protocol.html" title="local::datagram_protocol">local::datagram_protocol</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__datagram_protocol/endpoint.html" title="local::datagram_protocol::endpoint">local::datagram_protocol::endpoint</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__datagram_protocol/socket.html" title="local::datagram_protocol::socket">local::datagram_protocol::socket</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__stream_protocol.html" title="local::stream_protocol">local::stream_protocol</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__stream_protocol/acceptor.html" title="local::stream_protocol::acceptor">local::stream_protocol::acceptor</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__stream_protocol/endpoint.html" title="local::stream_protocol::endpoint">local::stream_protocol::endpoint</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__stream_protocol/iostream.html" title="local::stream_protocol::iostream">local::stream_protocol::iostream</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/local__stream_protocol/socket.html" title="local::stream_protocol::socket">local::stream_protocol::socket</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.unix_domain_sockets">UNIX domain
sockets examples</a>.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.posix.local.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.posix.local.notes"></a></span><a class="link" href="local.html#asio.overview.posix.local.notes">Notes</a>
</h6>
<p>
UNIX domain sockets are only available at compile time if supported by
the target operating system. A program may test for the macro <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_LOCAL_SOCKETS</span></code> to determine whether
they are supported.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.posix.stream_descriptor"></a><a class="link" href="stream_descriptor.html" title="Stream-Oriented File Descriptors">Stream-Oriented
File Descriptors</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio includes classes added to permit synchronous and asynchronous read
and write operations to be performed on POSIX file descriptors, such as
pipes, standard input and output, and various devices (but <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>
regular files).
</p>
<p>
For example, to perform read and write operations on standard input and
output, the following objects may be created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">posix</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_descriptor</span> <span class="identifier">in</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">dup</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">STDIN_FILENO</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">posix</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_descriptor</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">dup</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">STDOUT_FILENO</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
These are then used as synchronous or asynchronous read and write streams.
This means the objects can be used with any of the <a class="link" href="../../reference/read.html" title="read">read()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/async_read.html" title="async_read">async_read()</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/write.html" title="write">write()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/async_write.html" title="async_write">async_write()</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/read_until.html" title="read_until">read_until()</a> or <a class="link" href="../../reference/async_read_until.html" title="async_read_until">async_read_until()</a>
free functions.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.posix.stream_descriptor.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.posix.stream_descriptor.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="stream_descriptor.html#asio.overview.posix.stream_descriptor.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/posix__stream_descriptor.html" title="posix::stream_descriptor">posix::stream_descriptor</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/posix__basic_stream_descriptor.html" title="posix::basic_stream_descriptor">posix::basic_stream_descriptor</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/posix__stream_descriptor_service.html" title="posix::stream_descriptor_service">posix::stream_descriptor_service</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.chat">Chat example (C++03)</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../examples/cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.chat">Chat example (C++11)</a>.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.posix.stream_descriptor.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.posix.stream_descriptor.notes"></a></span><a class="link" href="stream_descriptor.html#asio.overview.posix.stream_descriptor.notes">Notes</a>
</h6>
<p>
POSIX stream descriptors are only available at compile time if supported
by the target operating system. A program may test for the macro <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_POSIX_STREAM_DESCRIPTOR</span></code> to determine
whether they are supported.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Rationale</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.rationale"></a><a class="link" href="rationale.html" title="Rationale">Rationale</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Most programs interact with the outside world in some way, whether it be
via a file, a network, a serial cable, or the console. Sometimes, as is the
case with networking, individual I/O operations can take a long time to complete.
This poses particular challenges to application development.
</p>
<p>
Asio provides the tools to manage these long running operations, without
requiring programs to use concurrency models based on threads and explicit
locking.
</p>
<p>
The Asio library is intended for programmers using C++ for systems programming,
where access to operating system functionality such as networking is often
required. In particular, Asio addresses the following goals:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Portability.</strong></span> The library should support
a range of commonly used operating systems, and provide consistent behaviour
across these operating systems.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Scalability.</strong></span> The library should facilitate
the development of network applications that scale to thousands of concurrent
connections. The library implementation for each operating system should
use the mechanism that best enables this scalability.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Efficiency.</strong></span> The library should support
techniques such as scatter-gather I/O, and allow programs to minimise
data copying.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Model concepts from established APIs, such as BSD
sockets.</strong></span> The BSD socket API is widely implemented and understood,
and is covered in much literature. Other programming languages often
use a similar interface for networking APIs. As far as is reasonable,
Asio should leverage existing practice.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Ease of use.</strong></span> The library should provide
a lower entry barrier for new users by taking a toolkit, rather than
framework, approach. That is, it should try to minimise the up-front
investment in time to just learning a few basic rules and guidelines.
After that, a library user should only need to understand the specific
functions that are being used.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Basis for further abstraction.</strong></span> The library
should permit the development of other libraries that provide higher
levels of abstraction. For example, implementations of commonly used
protocols such as HTTP.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Although Asio started life focused primarily on networking, its concepts
of asynchronous I/O have been extended to include other operating system
resources such as serial ports, file descriptors, and so on.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Serial Ports</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.serial_ports"></a><a class="link" href="serial_ports.html" title="Serial Ports">Serial Ports</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio includes classes for creating and manipulating serial ports in a portable
manner. For example, a serial port may be opened using:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">serial_port</span> <span class="identifier">port</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
where name is something like <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"COM1"</span></code>
on Windows, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"/dev/ttyS0"</span></code>
on POSIX platforms.
</p>
<p>
Once opened, the serial port may be used as a <a class="link" href="core/streams.html" title="Streams, Short Reads and Short Writes">stream</a>.
This means the objects can be used with any of the <a class="link" href="../reference/read.html" title="read">read()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/async_read.html" title="async_read">async_read()</a>, <a class="link" href="../reference/write.html" title="write">write()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/async_write.html" title="async_write">async_write()</a>, <a class="link" href="../reference/read_until.html" title="read_until">read_until()</a>
or <a class="link" href="../reference/async_read_until.html" title="async_read_until">async_read_until()</a>
free functions.
</p>
<p>
The serial port implementation also includes option classes for configuring
the port's baud rate, flow control type, parity, stop bits and character
size.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.serial_ports.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.serial_ports.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="serial_ports.html#asio.overview.serial_ports.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h5>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../reference/serial_port.html" title="serial_port">serial_port</a>, <a class="link" href="../reference/serial_port_base.html" title="serial_port_base">serial_port_base</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/basic_serial_port.html" title="basic_serial_port">basic_serial_port</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/serial_port_service.html" title="serial_port_service">serial_port_service</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/serial_port_base__baud_rate.html" title="serial_port_base::baud_rate">serial_port_base::baud_rate</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/serial_port_base__flow_control.html" title="serial_port_base::flow_control">serial_port_base::flow_control</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/serial_port_base__parity.html" title="serial_port_base::parity">serial_port_base::parity</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/serial_port_base__stop_bits.html" title="serial_port_base::stop_bits">serial_port_base::stop_bits</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/serial_port_base__character_size.html" title="serial_port_base::character_size">serial_port_base::character_size</a>.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.serial_ports.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.serial_ports.notes"></a></span><a class="link" href="serial_ports.html#asio.overview.serial_ports.notes">Notes</a>
</h5>
<p>
Serial ports are available on all POSIX platforms. For Windows, serial ports
are only available at compile time when the I/O completion port backend is
used (which is the default). A program may test for the macro <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_SERIAL_PORT</span></code> to determine whether
they are supported.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<title>Signal Handling</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.signals"></a><a class="link" href="signals.html" title="Signal Handling">Signal Handling</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio supports signal handling using a class called <a class="link" href="../reference/signal_set.html" title="signal_set">signal_set</a>.
Programs may add one or more signals to the set, and then perform an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_wait</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
operation. The specified handler will be called when one of the signals occurs.
The same signal number may be registered with multiple <a class="link" href="../reference/signal_set.html" title="signal_set">signal_set</a>
objects, however the signal number must be used only with Asio.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">signal_number</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// A signal occurred.</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="comment">// Construct a signal set registered for process termination.</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">signal_set</span> <span class="identifier">signals</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SIGINT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SIGTERM</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// Start an asynchronous wait for one of the signals to occur.</span>
<span class="identifier">signals</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_wait</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Signal handling also works on Windows, as the Microsoft Visual C++ runtime
library maps console events like Ctrl+C to the equivalent signal.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.signals.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.signals.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="signals.html#asio.overview.signals.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h5>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../reference/signal_set.html" title="signal_set">signal_set</a>, <a class="link" href="../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.http_server">HTTP
server example (C++03)</a>, <a class="link" href="../examples/cpp11_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp11_examples.http_server">HTTP
server example (C++11)</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>SSL</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.ssl"></a><a class="link" href="ssl.html" title="SSL">SSL</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio contains classes and class templates for basic SSL support. These classes
allow encrypted communication to be layered on top of an existing stream,
such as a TCP socket.
</p>
<p>
Before creating an encrypted stream, an application must construct an SSL
context object. This object is used to set SSL options such as verification
mode, certificate files, and so on. As an illustration, client-side initialisation
may look something like:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">context</span> <span class="identifier">ctx</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">context</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sslv23</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ctx</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set_verify_mode</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">verify_peer</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ctx</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">load_verify_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"ca.pem"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
To use SSL with a TCP socket, one may write:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ssl_sock</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ctx</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
To perform socket-specific operations, such as establishing an outbound connection
or accepting an incoming one, the underlying socket must first be obtained
using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream</span></code> template's <a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__stream/lowest_layer.html" title="ssl::stream::lowest_layer"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">lowest_layer</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
member function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">lowest_layer_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">sock</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">ssl_sock</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">lowest_layer</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_endpoint</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
In some use cases the underlying stream object will need to have a longer
lifetime than the SSL stream, in which case the template parameter should
be a reference to the stream type:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span> <span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ssl_sock</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ctx</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
SSL handshaking must be performed prior to transmitting or receiving data
over an encrypted connection. This is accomplished using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream</span></code>
template's <a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__stream/handshake.html" title="ssl::stream::handshake">handshake()</a>
or <a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__stream/async_handshake.html" title="ssl::stream::async_handshake">async_handshake()</a>
member functions.
</p>
<p>
Once connected, SSL stream objects are used as synchronous or asynchronous
read and write streams. This means the objects can be used with any of the
<a class="link" href="../reference/read.html" title="read">read()</a>, <a class="link" href="../reference/async_read.html" title="async_read">async_read()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/write.html" title="write">write()</a>, <a class="link" href="../reference/async_write.html" title="async_write">async_write()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/read_until.html" title="read_until">read_until()</a> or <a class="link" href="../reference/async_read_until.html" title="async_read_until">async_read_until()</a>
free functions.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.ssl.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.ssl.certificate_verification"></a></span><a class="link" href="ssl.html#asio.overview.ssl.certificate_verification">Certificate
Verification</a>
</h5>
<p>
Asio provides various methods for configuring the way SSL certificates are
verified:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__context/set_default_verify_paths.html" title="ssl::context::set_default_verify_paths">ssl::context::set_default_verify_paths()</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__context/set_verify_mode.html" title="ssl::context::set_verify_mode">ssl::context::set_verify_mode()</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__context/set_verify_callback.html" title="ssl::context::set_verify_callback">ssl::context::set_verify_callback()</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__context/load_verify_file.html" title="ssl::context::load_verify_file">ssl::context::load_verify_file()</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__stream/set_verify_mode.html" title="ssl::stream::set_verify_mode">ssl::stream::set_verify_mode()</a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__stream/set_verify_callback.html" title="ssl::stream::set_verify_callback">ssl::stream::set_verify_callback()</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
To simplify use cases where certificates are verified according to the rules
in RFC 2818 (certificate verification for HTTPS), Asio provides a reusable
verification callback as a function object:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__rfc2818_verification.html" title="ssl::rfc2818_verification">ssl::rfc2818_verification</a>
</li></ul></div>
<p>
The following example shows verification of a remote host's certificate according
to the rules used by HTTPS:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">ssl</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ssl_socket</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// Create a context that uses the default paths for</span>
<span class="comment">// finding CA certificates.</span>
<span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">context</span> <span class="identifier">ctx</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">context</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sslv23</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">ctx</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set_default_verify_paths</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="comment">// Open a socket and connect it to the remote host.</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span> <span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ssl_socket</span> <span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ctx</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span> <span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">query</span> <span class="identifier">query</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"host.name"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"https"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">lowest_layer</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resolve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">query</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">lowest_layer</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">set_option</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">no_delay</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="comment">// Perform SSL handshake and verify the remote host's</span>
<span class="comment">// certificate.</span>
<span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set_verify_mode</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">verify_peer</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set_verify_callback</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">rfc2818_verification</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"host.name"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">sock</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">handshake</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ssl_socket</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">client</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// ... read and write as normal ...</span>
</pre>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.ssl.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.ssl.ssl_and_threads"></a></span><a class="link" href="ssl.html#asio.overview.ssl.ssl_and_threads">SSL
and Threads</a>
</h5>
<p>
SSL stream objects perform no locking of their own. Therefore, it is essential
that all asynchronous SSL operations are performed in an implicit or explicit
<a class="link" href="core/strands.html" title="Strands: Use Threads Without Explicit Locking">strand</a>. Note that this
means that no synchronisation is required (and so no locking overhead is
incurred) in single threaded programs.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.ssl.h2"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.ssl.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="ssl.html#asio.overview.ssl.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h5>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__context.html" title="ssl::context">ssl::context</a>, <a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__rfc2818_verification.html" title="ssl::rfc2818_verification">ssl::rfc2818_verification</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__stream.html" title="ssl::stream">ssl::stream</a>, <a class="link" href="../examples/cpp03_examples.html#asio.examples.cpp03_examples.ssl">SSL
example</a>.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.ssl.h3"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.ssl.notes"></a></span><a class="link" href="ssl.html#asio.overview.ssl.notes">Notes</a>
</h5>
<p>
<a href="http://www.openssl.org" target="_top">OpenSSL</a> is required to make use
of Asio's SSL support. When an application needs to use OpenSSL functionality
that is not wrapped by Asio, the underlying OpenSSL types may be obtained
by calling <a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__context/native_handle.html" title="ssl::context::native_handle"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">context</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a> or <a class="link" href="../reference/ssl__stream/native_handle.html" title="ssl::stream::native_handle"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ssl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Timers</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../../index.html" title="Asio">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.timers"></a><a class="link" href="timers.html" title="Timers">Timers</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Long running I/O operations will often have a deadline by which they must
have completed. These deadlines may be expressed as absolute times, but are
often calculated relative to the current time.
</p>
<p>
As a simple example, to perform a synchronous wait operation on a timer using
a relative time one may write:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">io_service</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">deadline_timer</span> <span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">expires_from_now</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">posix_time</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">seconds</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">wait</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
More commonly, a program will perform an asynchronous wait operation on a
timer:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">io_service</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">deadline_timer</span> <span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">expires_from_now</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">posix_time</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">milliseconds</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">400</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_wait</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">handler</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">run</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
The deadline associated with a timer may also be obtained as a relative time:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">posix_time</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">time_duration</span> <span class="identifier">time_until_expiry</span>
<span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">expires_from_now</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
or as an absolute time to allow composition of timers:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">deadline_timer</span> <span class="identifier">t2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">t2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">expires_at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">expires_at</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">posix_time</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">seconds</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">30</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<h5>
<a name="asio.overview.timers.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.timers.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="timers.html#asio.overview.timers.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h5>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../reference/basic_deadline_timer.html" title="basic_deadline_timer">basic_deadline_timer</a>,
<a class="link" href="../reference/deadline_timer.html" title="deadline_timer">deadline_timer</a>, <a class="link" href="../reference/deadline_timer_service.html" title="deadline_timer_service">deadline_timer_service</a>,
<a class="link" href="../tutorial/tuttimer1.html" title="Timer.1 - Using a timer synchronously">timer tutorials</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<p>
<a class="link" href="windows/stream_handle.html" title="Stream-Oriented HANDLEs">Stream-Oriented HANDLEs</a>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.windows.object_handle"></a><a class="link" href="object_handle.html" title="Object HANDLEs">Object HANDLEs</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio provides Windows-specific classes that permit asynchronous wait operations
to be performed on HANDLEs to kernel objects of the following types:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Change notification
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Console input
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Event
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Memory resource notification
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Process
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Semaphore
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Thread
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Waitable timer
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
For example, to perform asynchronous operations on an event, the following
object may be created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">HANDLE</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">CreateEvent</span><span class="special">(...);</span>
<span class="identifier">windows</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object_handle</span> <span class="identifier">file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wait</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_wait</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
member functions may then be used to wait until the kernel object is signalled.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.windows.object_handle.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.windows.object_handle.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="object_handle.html#asio.overview.windows.object_handle.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/windows__object_handle.html" title="windows::object_handle">windows::object_handle</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/windows__basic_object_handle.html" title="windows::basic_object_handle">windows::basic_object_handle</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/windows__object_handle_service.html" title="windows::object_handle_service">windows::object_handle_service</a>.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.windows.object_handle.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.windows.object_handle.notes"></a></span><a class="link" href="object_handle.html#asio.overview.windows.object_handle.notes">Notes</a>
</h6>
<p>
Windows object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">HANDLE</span></code>s
are only available at compile time when targeting Windows. Programs may
test for the macro <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_WINDOWS_OBJECT_HANDLE</span></code>
to determine whether they are supported.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.windows.random_access_handle"></a><a class="link" href="random_access_handle.html" title="Random-Access HANDLEs">Random-Access
HANDLEs</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio provides Windows-specific classes that permit asynchronous read and
write operations to be performed on HANDLEs that refer to regular files.
</p>
<p>
For example, to perform asynchronous operations on a file the following
object may be created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">HANDLE</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">CreateFile</span><span class="special">(...);</span>
<span class="identifier">windows</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">random_access_handle</span> <span class="identifier">file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Data may be read from or written to the handle using one of the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read_some_at</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_some_at</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">write_some_at</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_write_some_at</span><span class="special">()</span></code> member functions. However, like the equivalent
functions (<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read_some</span><span class="special">()</span></code>,
etc.) on streams, these functions are only required to transfer one or
more bytes in a single operation. Therefore free functions called <a class="link" href="../../reference/read_at.html" title="read_at">read_at()</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/async_read_at.html" title="async_read_at">async_read_at()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/write_at.html" title="write_at">write_at()</a> and <a class="link" href="../../reference/async_write_at.html" title="async_write_at">async_write_at()</a>
have been created to repeatedly call the corresponding <code class="literal"><span class="bold"><strong>*</strong></span>_some_at()</code> function until all data has
been transferred.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.windows.random_access_handle.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.windows.random_access_handle.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="random_access_handle.html#asio.overview.windows.random_access_handle.see_also">See Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/windows__random_access_handle.html" title="windows::random_access_handle">windows::random_access_handle</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/windows__basic_random_access_handle.html" title="windows::basic_random_access_handle">windows::basic_random_access_handle</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/windows__random_access_handle_service.html" title="windows::random_access_handle_service">windows::random_access_handle_service</a>.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.windows.random_access_handle.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.windows.random_access_handle.notes"></a></span><a class="link" href="random_access_handle.html#asio.overview.windows.random_access_handle.notes">Notes</a>
</h6>
<p>
Windows random-access <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">HANDLE</span></code>s
are only available at compile time when targeting Windows and only when
the I/O completion port backend is used (which is the default). A program
may test for the macro <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_WINDOWS_RANDOM_ACCESS_HANDLE</span></code>
to determine whether they are supported.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="asio.overview.windows.stream_handle"></a><a class="link" href="stream_handle.html" title="Stream-Oriented HANDLEs">Stream-Oriented
HANDLEs</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Asio contains classes to allow asynchronous read and write operations to
be performed on Windows <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">HANDLE</span></code>s,
such as named pipes.
</p>
<p>
For example, to perform asynchronous operations on a named pipe, the following
object may be created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">HANDLE</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">CreateFile</span><span class="special">(...);</span>
<span class="identifier">windows</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stream_handle</span> <span class="identifier">pipe</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
These are then used as synchronous or asynchronous read and write streams.
This means the objects can be used with any of the <a class="link" href="../../reference/read.html" title="read">read()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/async_read.html" title="async_read">async_read()</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/write.html" title="write">write()</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/async_write.html" title="async_write">async_write()</a>, <a class="link" href="../../reference/read_until.html" title="read_until">read_until()</a> or <a class="link" href="../../reference/async_read_until.html" title="async_read_until">async_read_until()</a>
free functions.
</p>
<p>
The kernel object referred to by the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">HANDLE</span></code>
must support use with I/O completion ports (which means that named pipes
are supported, but anonymous pipes and console streams are not).
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.windows.stream_handle.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.windows.stream_handle.see_also"></a></span><a class="link" href="stream_handle.html#asio.overview.windows.stream_handle.see_also">See
Also</a>
</h6>
<p>
<a class="link" href="../../reference/windows__stream_handle.html" title="windows::stream_handle">windows::stream_handle</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/windows__basic_stream_handle.html" title="windows::basic_stream_handle">windows::basic_stream_handle</a>,
<a class="link" href="../../reference/windows__stream_handle_service.html" title="windows::stream_handle_service">windows::stream_handle_service</a>.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="asio.overview.windows.stream_handle.h1"></a>
<span><a name="asio.overview.windows.stream_handle.notes"></a></span><a class="link" href="stream_handle.html#asio.overview.windows.stream_handle.notes">Notes</a>
</h6>
<p>
Windows stream <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">HANDLE</span></code>s
are only available at compile time when targeting Windows and only when
the I/O completion port backend is used (which is the default). A program
may test for the macro <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ASIO_HAS_WINDOWS_STREAM_HANDLE</span></code>
to determine whether they are supported.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<a name="asio.reference"></a><a class="link" href="reference.html" title="Reference">Reference</a>
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<table class="table">
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<h3>
<a name="idp90740496"></a>Core</h3>
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<h4>
<a name="idp90742576"></a>Classes</h4>
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<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/yield_context.html" title="yield_context">yield_context</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90763264"></a>Class Templates</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_io_object.html" title="basic_io_object">basic_io_object</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_yield_context.html" title="basic_yield_context">basic_yield_context</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffered_read_stream.html" title="buffered_read_stream">buffered_read_stream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffered_stream.html" title="buffered_stream">buffered_stream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffered_write_stream.html" title="buffered_write_stream">buffered_write_stream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffers_iterator.html" title="buffers_iterator">buffers_iterator</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp90772912"></a>Free Functions</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/add_service.html" title="add_service">add_service</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/asio_handler_allocate.html" title="asio_handler_allocate">asio_handler_allocate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/asio_handler_deallocate.html" title="asio_handler_deallocate">asio_handler_deallocate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/asio_handler_invoke.html" title="asio_handler_invoke">asio_handler_invoke</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/asio_handler_is_continuation.html" title="asio_handler_is_continuation">asio_handler_is_continuation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/async_read.html" title="async_read">async_read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/async_read_at.html" title="async_read_at">async_read_at</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/async_read_until.html" title="async_read_until">async_read_until</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/async_write.html" title="async_write">async_write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/async_write_at.html" title="async_write_at">async_write_at</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffer.html" title="buffer">buffer</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffer_cast.html" title="buffer_cast">buffer_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffer_copy.html" title="buffer_copy">buffer_copy</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffer_size.html" title="buffer_size">buffer_size</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffers_begin.html" title="buffers_begin">buffers_begin</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/buffers_end.html" title="buffers_end">buffers_end</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/has_service.html" title="has_service">has_service</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/read.html" title="read">read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/read_at.html" title="read_at">read_at</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/read_until.html" title="read_until">read_until</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/spawn.html" title="spawn">spawn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/transfer_all.html" title="transfer_all">transfer_all</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/transfer_at_least.html" title="transfer_at_least">transfer_at_least</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/transfer_exactly.html" title="transfer_exactly">transfer_exactly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/use_service.html" title="use_service">use_service</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/write.html" title="write">write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/write_at.html" title="write_at">write_at</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp90802544"></a>Special Values</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/use_future.html" title="use_future">use_future</a></td></tr></table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90805136"></a>Boost.Bind Placeholders</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/placeholders__bytes_transferred.html" title="placeholders::bytes_transferred">placeholders::bytes_transferred</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/placeholders__error.html" title="placeholders::error">placeholders::error</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/placeholders__iterator.html" title="placeholders::iterator">placeholders::iterator</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/placeholders__signal_number.html" title="placeholders::signal_number">placeholders::signal_number</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90811264"></a>Error Codes</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/error__basic_errors.html" title="error::basic_errors">error::basic_errors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/error__netdb_errors.html" title="error::netdb_errors">error::netdb_errors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/error__addrinfo_errors.html" title="error::addrinfo_errors">error::addrinfo_errors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/error__misc_errors.html" title="error::misc_errors">error::misc_errors</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90817312"></a>Type Traits</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/async_result.html" title="async_result">async_result</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/handler_type.html" title="handler_type">handler_type</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/is_match_condition.html" title="is_match_condition">is_match_condition</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/is_read_buffered.html" title="is_read_buffered">is_read_buffered</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/is_write_buffered.html" title="is_write_buffered">is_write_buffered</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp90824928"></a>Type Requirements</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">Asynchronous operations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/AsyncRandomAccessReadDevice.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous random-access read device requirements">AsyncRandomAccessReadDevice</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/AsyncRandomAccessWriteDevice.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous random-access write device requirements">AsyncRandomAccessWriteDevice</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/AsyncReadStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous read stream requirements">AsyncReadStream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/AsyncWriteStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous write stream requirements">AsyncWriteStream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/CompletionHandler.html" title="Completion handler requirements">CompletionHandler</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">ConstBufferSequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ConvertibleToConstBuffer.html" title="Convertible to const buffer requirements">ConvertibleToConstBuffer</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ConvertibleToMutableBuffer.html" title="Convertible to mutable buffer requirements">ConvertibleToMutableBuffer</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/Handler.html" title="Handlers">Handler</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">MutableBufferSequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ReadHandler.html" title="Read handler requirements">ReadHandler</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/Service.html" title="Service requirements">Service</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/SyncRandomAccessReadDevice.html" title="Buffer-oriented synchronous random-access read device requirements">SyncRandomAccessReadDevice</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/SyncRandomAccessWriteDevice.html" title="Buffer-oriented synchronous random-access write device requirements">SyncRandomAccessWriteDevice</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/SyncReadStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented synchronous read stream requirements">SyncReadStream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/SyncWriteStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented synchronous write stream requirements">SyncWriteStream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/WriteHandler.html" title="Write handler requirements">WriteHandler</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr></tbody>
</table>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr><th colspan="4" valign="center">
<h3>
<a name="idp90851232"></a>Networking</h3>
</th></tr></thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp90853312"></a>Classes</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__datagram_protocol.html" title="generic::datagram_protocol">generic::datagram_protocol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__datagram_protocol/endpoint.html" title="generic::datagram_protocol::endpoint">generic::datagram_protocol::endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__datagram_protocol/socket.html" title="generic::datagram_protocol::socket">generic::datagram_protocol::socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__raw_protocol.html" title="generic::raw_protocol">generic::raw_protocol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__raw_protocol/endpoint.html" title="generic::raw_protocol::endpoint">generic::raw_protocol::endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__raw_protocol/socket.html" title="generic::raw_protocol::socket">generic::raw_protocol::socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__seq_packet_protocol.html" title="generic::seq_packet_protocol">generic::seq_packet_protocol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__seq_packet_protocol/endpoint.html" title="generic::seq_packet_protocol::endpoint">generic::seq_packet_protocol::endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__seq_packet_protocol/socket.html" title="generic::seq_packet_protocol::socket">generic::seq_packet_protocol::socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__stream_protocol.html" title="generic::stream_protocol">generic::stream_protocol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__stream_protocol/endpoint.html" title="generic::stream_protocol::endpoint">generic::stream_protocol::endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__stream_protocol/iostream.html" title="generic::stream_protocol::iostream">generic::stream_protocol::iostream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__stream_protocol/socket.html" title="generic::stream_protocol::socket">generic::stream_protocol::socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__address.html" title="ip::address">ip::address</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__address_v4.html" title="ip::address_v4">ip::address_v4</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__address_v6.html" title="ip::address_v6">ip::address_v6</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__icmp.html" title="ip::icmp">ip::icmp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__icmp/endpoint.html" title="ip::icmp::endpoint">ip::icmp::endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__icmp/resolver.html" title="ip::icmp::resolver">ip::icmp::resolver</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__icmp/socket.html" title="ip::icmp::socket">ip::icmp::socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__resolver_query_base.html" title="ip::resolver_query_base">ip::resolver_query_base</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__tcp.html" title="ip::tcp">ip::tcp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__tcp/acceptor.html" title="ip::tcp::acceptor">ip::tcp::acceptor</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__tcp/endpoint.html" title="ip::tcp::endpoint">ip::tcp::endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__tcp/iostream.html" title="ip::tcp::iostream">ip::tcp::iostream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__tcp/resolver.html" title="ip::tcp::resolver">ip::tcp::resolver</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__tcp/socket.html" title="ip::tcp::socket">ip::tcp::socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__udp.html" title="ip::udp">ip::udp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__udp/endpoint.html" title="ip::udp::endpoint">ip::udp::endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__udp/resolver.html" title="ip::udp::resolver">ip::udp::resolver</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__udp/socket.html" title="ip::udp::socket">ip::udp::socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base.html" title="socket_base">socket_base</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp90889200"></a>Free Functions</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/async_connect.html" title="async_connect">async_connect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/connect.html" title="connect">connect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__host_name.html" title="ip::host_name">ip::host_name</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90893632"></a>Class Templates</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_datagram_socket.html" title="basic_datagram_socket">basic_datagram_socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_deadline_timer.html" title="basic_deadline_timer">basic_deadline_timer</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_raw_socket.html" title="basic_raw_socket">basic_raw_socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_seq_packet_socket.html" title="basic_seq_packet_socket">basic_seq_packet_socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_socket.html" title="basic_socket">basic_socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_socket_acceptor.html" title="basic_socket_acceptor">basic_socket_acceptor</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_socket_iostream.html" title="basic_socket_iostream">basic_socket_iostream</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_socket_streambuf.html" title="basic_socket_streambuf">basic_socket_streambuf</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_stream_socket.html" title="basic_stream_socket">basic_stream_socket</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/generic__basic_endpoint.html" title="generic::basic_endpoint">generic::basic_endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__basic_endpoint.html" title="ip::basic_endpoint">ip::basic_endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__basic_resolver.html" title="ip::basic_resolver">ip::basic_resolver</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__basic_resolver_entry.html" title="ip::basic_resolver_entry">ip::basic_resolver_entry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__basic_resolver_iterator.html" title="ip::basic_resolver_iterator">ip::basic_resolver_iterator</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__basic_resolver_query.html" title="ip::basic_resolver_query">ip::basic_resolver_query</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90910688"></a>Services</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/datagram_socket_service.html" title="datagram_socket_service">datagram_socket_service</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__resolver_service.html" title="ip::resolver_service">ip::resolver_service</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/raw_socket_service.html" title="raw_socket_service">raw_socket_service</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/seq_packet_socket_service.html" title="seq_packet_socket_service">seq_packet_socket_service</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_acceptor_service.html" title="socket_acceptor_service">socket_acceptor_service</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/stream_socket_service.html" title="stream_socket_service">stream_socket_service</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp90919536"></a>Socket Options</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__multicast__enable_loopback.html" title="ip::multicast::enable_loopback">ip::multicast::enable_loopback</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__multicast__hops.html" title="ip::multicast::hops">ip::multicast::hops</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__multicast__join_group.html" title="ip::multicast::join_group">ip::multicast::join_group</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__multicast__leave_group.html" title="ip::multicast::leave_group">ip::multicast::leave_group</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__multicast__outbound_interface.html" title="ip::multicast::outbound_interface">ip::multicast::outbound_interface</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__tcp/no_delay.html" title="ip::tcp::no_delay">ip::tcp::no_delay</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__unicast__hops.html" title="ip::unicast::hops">ip::unicast::hops</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ip__v6_only.html" title="ip::v6_only">ip::v6_only</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/broadcast.html" title="socket_base::broadcast">socket_base::broadcast</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/debug.html" title="socket_base::debug">socket_base::debug</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/do_not_route.html" title="socket_base::do_not_route">socket_base::do_not_route</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/enable_connection_aborted.html" title="socket_base::enable_connection_aborted">socket_base::enable_connection_aborted</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/keep_alive.html" title="socket_base::keep_alive">socket_base::keep_alive</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/linger.html" title="socket_base::linger">socket_base::linger</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/receive_buffer_size.html" title="socket_base::receive_buffer_size">socket_base::receive_buffer_size</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/receive_low_watermark.html" title="socket_base::receive_low_watermark">socket_base::receive_low_watermark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/reuse_address.html" title="socket_base::reuse_address">socket_base::reuse_address</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/send_buffer_size.html" title="socket_base::send_buffer_size">socket_base::send_buffer_size</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/send_low_watermark.html" title="socket_base::send_low_watermark">socket_base::send_low_watermark</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp90943360"></a>I/O Control Commands</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/bytes_readable.html" title="socket_base::bytes_readable">socket_base::bytes_readable</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/socket_base/non_blocking_io.html" title="socket_base::non_blocking_io">socket_base::non_blocking_io</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90947264"></a>Type Requirements</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/AcceptHandler.html" title="Accept handler requirements">AcceptHandler</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ComposedConnectHandler.html" title="Composed connect handler requirements">ComposedConnectHandler</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ConnectHandler.html" title="Connect handler requirements">ConnectHandler</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/DatagramSocketService.html" title="Datagram socket service requirements">DatagramSocketService</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/Endpoint.html" title="Endpoint requirements">Endpoint</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/GettableSocketOption.html" title="Gettable socket option requirements">GettableSocketOption</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/InternetProtocol.html" title="Internet protocol requirements">InternetProtocol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/IoControlCommand.html" title="I/O control command requirements">IoControlCommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements">Protocol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/RawSocketService.html" title="Raw socket service requirements">RawSocketService</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ResolveHandler.html" title="Resolve handler requirements">ResolveHandler</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ResolverService.html" title="Resolver service requirements">ResolverService</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/SeqPacketSocketService.html" title="Sequenced packet socket service requirements">SeqPacketSocketService</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/SettableSocketOption.html" title="Settable socket option requirements">SettableSocketOption</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/SocketAcceptorService.html" title="Socket acceptor service requirements">SocketAcceptorService</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/SocketService.html" title="Socket service requirements">SocketService</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/StreamSocketService.html" title="Stream socket service requirements">StreamSocketService</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr></tbody>
</table>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th valign="center">
<h3>
<a name="idp90972000"></a>Timers</h3>
</th>
<th valign="center">
<h3>
<a name="idp90973824"></a>SSL</h3>
</th>
<th valign="center">
<h3>
<a name="idp90975616"></a>Serial Ports</h3>
</th>
<th valign="center">
<h3>
<a name="idp90977440"></a>Signal Handling</h3>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp90979520"></a>Classes</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/deadline_timer.html" title="deadline_timer">deadline_timer</a></td></tr></table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90982064"></a>Class Templates</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_deadline_timer.html" title="basic_deadline_timer">basic_deadline_timer</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/time_traits_lt__ptime__gt_.html" title="time_traits&lt; boost::posix_time::ptime &gt;">time_traits</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90985792"></a>Services</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/deadline_timer_service.html" title="deadline_timer_service">deadline_timer_service</a></td></tr></table>
<h4>
<a name="idp90988384"></a>Type Requirements</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/TimerService.html" title="Timer service requirements">TimerService</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/TimeTraits.html" title="Time traits requirements">TimeTraits</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/WaitHandler.html" title="Wait handler requirements">WaitHandler</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp90993792"></a>Classes</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ssl__context.html" title="ssl::context">ssl::context</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ssl__context_base.html" title="ssl::context_base">ssl::context_base</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ssl__rfc2818_verification.html" title="ssl::rfc2818_verification">ssl::rfc2818_verification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ssl__stream_base.html" title="ssl::stream_base">ssl::stream_base</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ssl__verify_context.html" title="ssl::verify_context">ssl::verify_context</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>
<a name="idp91000640"></a>Class Templates</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ssl__stream.html" title="ssl::stream">ssl::stream</a></td></tr></table>
<h4>
<a name="idp91003184"></a>Type Requirements</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/BufferedHandshakeHandler.html" title="Buffered handshake handler requirements">BufferedHandshakeHandler</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/HandshakeHandler.html" title="SSL handshake handler requirements">HandshakeHandler</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/ShutdownHandler.html" title="SSL shutdown handler requirements">ShutdownHandler</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h4>
<a name="idp91008720"></a>Classes</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/serial_port.html" title="serial_port">serial_port</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/serial_port_base.html" title="serial_port_base">serial_port_base</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h4>
<a name="idp91012224"></a>Class Templates</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/basic_serial_port.html" title="basic_serial_port">basic_serial_port</a></td></tr></table>
<h4>
<a name="idp91014768"></a>Services</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/serial_port_service.html" title="serial_port_service">serial_port_service</a></td></tr></table>
<h4>
<a name="idp91017312"></a>Serial Port Options</h4>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr><td><a class="link" href="reference/serial_port_base__baud_rate.html" title="serial_port_base::baud_rate">serial_port_base::baud_rate</a></td></tr>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<a name="asio.reference.AcceptHandler"></a><a class="link" href="AcceptHandler.html" title="Accept handler requirements">Accept handler requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
An accept handler must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Handler.html" title="Handlers">handler</a>.
A value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> of an accept handler
class should work correctly in the expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>,
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> is an lvalue of
type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.reference.AcceptHandler.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.reference.AcceptHandler.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="AcceptHandler.html#asio.reference.AcceptHandler.examples">Examples</a>
</h5>
<p>
A free function as an accept handler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">accept_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
An accept handler function object:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">accept_handler</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A non-static class member function adapted to an accept handler using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">()</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">accept_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">acceptor</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_accept</span><span class="special">(...,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">accept_handler</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<a name="asio.reference.AsyncRandomAccessReadDevice"></a><a class="link" href="AsyncRandomAccessReadDevice.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous random-access read device requirements">Buffer-oriented
asynchronous random-access read device requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> denotes
an asynchronous random access read device object, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code>
denotes an offset of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uint64_t</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> denotes an object satisfying
<a class="link" href="MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">mutable buffer sequence</a>
requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> denotes
an object satisfying <a class="link" href="ReadHandler.html" title="Read handler requirements">read handler</a>
requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.AsyncRandomAccessReadDevice.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;1.&#160;Buffer-oriented asynchronous random-access read device requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Buffer-oriented asynchronous random-access read device requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
operation
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
semantics, pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object through which the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_some_at</span></code>
handler <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> will
be invoked.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some_at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Initiates an asynchronous operation to read one or more bytes of
data from the device <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
at the offset <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_some_at</span></code>
operation shall always fill a buffer in the sequence completely
before proceeding to the next.<br> <br> The implementation
shall maintain one or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
until such time as the read operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous read operation
is invoked,<br> <br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If
the total size of all buffers in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, the asynchronous
read operation shall complete immediately and pass <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code> as the argument to the handler
that specifies the number of bytes read.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<a name="asio.reference.AsyncRandomAccessWriteDevice"></a><a class="link" href="AsyncRandomAccessWriteDevice.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous random-access write device requirements">Buffer-oriented
asynchronous random-access write device requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> denotes
an asynchronous write stream object, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code>
denotes an offset of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uint64_t</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> denotes an object satisfying
<a class="link" href="ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">constant buffer sequence</a>
requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> denotes
an object satisfying <a class="link" href="WriteHandler.html" title="Write handler requirements">write handler</a>
requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.AsyncRandomAccessWriteDevice.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;2.&#160;Buffer-oriented asynchronous random-access write device requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Buffer-oriented asynchronous random-access write device requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
operation
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
semantics, pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object through which the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_write_some_at</span></code>
handler <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> will
be invoked.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_write_some_at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Initiates an asynchronous operation to write one or more bytes
of data to the device <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
at offset <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code>. The
operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The constant buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data to be written is located. The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_write_some_at</span></code> operation
shall always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one
or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
until such time as the write operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous write operation
is invoked,<br> <br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If
the total size of all buffers in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, the asynchronous
write operation shall complete immediately and pass <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code> as the argument to the handler
that specifies the number of bytes written.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.AsyncReadStream"></a><a class="link" href="AsyncReadStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous read stream requirements">Buffer-oriented asynchronous
read stream requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> denotes
an asynchronous read stream object, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
denotes an object satisfying <a class="link" href="MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">mutable
buffer sequence</a> requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code>
denotes an object satisfying <a class="link" href="ReadHandler.html" title="Read handler requirements">read
handler</a> requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.AsyncReadStream.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;3.&#160;Buffer-oriented asynchronous read stream requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Buffer-oriented asynchronous read stream requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
operation
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
semantics, pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object through which the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span></code>
handler <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> will
be invoked.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Initiates an asynchronous operation to read one or more bytes of
data from the stream <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span></code>
operation shall always fill a buffer in the sequence completely
before proceeding to the next.<br> <br> The implementation
shall maintain one or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
until such time as the read operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous read operation
is invoked,<br> <br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If
the total size of all buffers in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, the asynchronous
read operation shall complete immediately and pass <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code> as the argument to the handler
that specifies the number of bytes read.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.AsyncWriteStream"></a><a class="link" href="AsyncWriteStream.html" title="Buffer-oriented asynchronous write stream requirements">Buffer-oriented asynchronous
write stream requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> denotes
an asynchronous write stream object, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
denotes an object satisfying <a class="link" href="ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">constant
buffer sequence</a> requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code>
denotes an object satisfying <a class="link" href="WriteHandler.html" title="Write handler requirements">write
handler</a> requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.AsyncWriteStream.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;4.&#160;Buffer-oriented asynchronous write stream requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Buffer-oriented asynchronous write stream requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
operation
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
semantics, pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object through which the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_write_some</span></code>
handler <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> will
be invoked.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_write_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Initiates an asynchronous operation to write one or more bytes
of data to the stream <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The constant buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data to be written is located. The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">async_write_some</span></code> operation shall
always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one
or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
until such time as the write operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous write operation
is invoked,<br> <br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If
the total size of all buffers in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, the asynchronous
write operation shall complete immediately and pass <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code> as the argument to the handler
that specifies the number of bytes written.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.BufferedHandshakeHandler"></a><a class="link" href="BufferedHandshakeHandler.html" title="Buffered handshake handler requirements">Buffered handshake
handler requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A buffered handshake handler must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Handler.html" title="Handlers">handler</a>.
A value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> of a buffered handshake
handler class should work correctly in the expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span></code>,
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> is an lvalue of
type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code> is an lvalue of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.reference.BufferedHandshakeHandler.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.reference.BufferedHandshakeHandler.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="BufferedHandshakeHandler.html#asio.reference.BufferedHandshakeHandler.examples">Examples</a>
</h5>
<p>
A free function as a buffered handshake handler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handshake_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">bytes_transferred</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
A buffered handshake handler function object:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">handshake_handler</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">bytes_transferred</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A non-static class member function adapted to a buffered handshake handler
using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">()</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handshake_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">bytes_transferred</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_handshake</span><span class="special">(...,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handshake_handler</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bytes_transferred</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.CompletionHandler"></a><a class="link" href="CompletionHandler.html" title="Completion handler requirements">Completion handler
requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A completion handler must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Handler.html" title="Handlers">handler</a>.
A value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> of a completion
handler class should work correctly in the expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.reference.CompletionHandler.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.reference.CompletionHandler.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="CompletionHandler.html#asio.reference.CompletionHandler.examples">Examples</a>
</h5>
<p>
A free function as a completion handler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">completion_handler</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
A completion handler function object:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">completion_handler</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A non-static class member function adapted to a completion handler using
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">()</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">completion_handler</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">my_io_service</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">post</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">completion_handler</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.ComposedConnectHandler"></a><a class="link" href="ComposedConnectHandler.html" title="Composed connect handler requirements">Composed connect
handler requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A composed connect handler must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Handler.html" title="Handlers">handler</a>.
A value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> of a composed connect
handler class should work correctly in the expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span></code>,
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> is an lvalue of
type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code> is an lvalue of the
type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Iterator</span></code> used in the
corresponding <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
or async_connect()` function.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.reference.ComposedConnectHandler.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.reference.ComposedConnectHandler.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="ComposedConnectHandler.html#asio.reference.ComposedConnectHandler.examples">Examples</a>
</h5>
<p>
A free function as a composed connect handler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">connect_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
A composed connect handler function object:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">connect_handler</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A non-static class member function adapted to a composed connect handler
using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">()</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">connect_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">async_connect</span><span class="special">(...,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">connect_handler</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.ConnectHandler"></a><a class="link" href="ConnectHandler.html" title="Connect handler requirements">Connect handler requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A connect handler must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Handler.html" title="Handlers">handler</a>.
A value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> of a connect handler
class should work correctly in the expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>,
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> is an lvalue of
type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.reference.ConnectHandler.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.reference.ConnectHandler.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="ConnectHandler.html#asio.reference.ConnectHandler.examples">Examples</a>
</h5>
<p>
A free function as a connect handler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">connect_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
A connect handler function object:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">connect_handler</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A non-static class member function adapted to a connect handler using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">()</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">connect_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_connect</span><span class="special">(...,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">connect_handler</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.ConstBufferSequence"></a><a class="link" href="ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">Constant buffer sequence
requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a class containing objects of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code>
denotes an identifier.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.ConstBufferSequence.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;5.&#160;ConstBufferSequence requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="ConstBufferSequence requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> meets the requirements
for <a class="link" href="ConvertibleToConstBuffer.html" title="Convertible to const buffer requirements">ConvertibleToConstBuffer</a>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
iterator type pointing to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
meets the requirements for bidirectional iterators (C++ Std, 24.1.4).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_const_buffer_seq</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">))</span></code> where the binary predicate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_const_buffer_seq</span></code> is defined
as
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">equal_const_buffer_seq</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">x2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">equal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(),</span>
<span class="identifier">x2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
and the binary predicate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span></code>
is defined as
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
post:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">equal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(),</span>
<span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
where the binary predicate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span></code>
is defined as
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)-&gt;~</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
note: the destructor is applied to every element of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>; all the memory is deallocated.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
or convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
or convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.ConvertibleToConstBuffer"></a><a class="link" href="ConvertibleToConstBuffer.html" title="Convertible to const buffer requirements">Convertible
to const buffer requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A type that meets the requirements for convertibility to a const buffer must
meet the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">CopyConstructible</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 20.1.3), and the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Assignable</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 23.1).
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a class meeting the requirements for convertibility to a const buffer, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>
denote values of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>,
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">w</span></code> denote identifiers.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.ConvertibleToConstBuffer.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;6.&#160;ConvertibleToConstBuffer requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="ConvertibleToConstBuffer requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
postcondition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">const_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.ConvertibleToMutableBuffer"></a><a class="link" href="ConvertibleToMutableBuffer.html" title="Convertible to mutable buffer requirements">Convertible
to mutable buffer requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A type that meets the requirements for convertibility to a mutable buffer
must meet the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">CopyConstructible</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 20.1.3), and the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Assignable</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 23.1).
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a class meeting the requirements for convertibility to a mutable buffer,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>
denote values of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>,
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">w</span></code> denote identifiers.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.ConvertibleToMutableBuffer.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;7.&#160;ConvertibleToMutableBuffer requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="ConvertibleToMutableBuffer requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
postcondition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">w</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.DatagramSocketService"></a><a class="link" href="DatagramSocketService.html" title="Datagram socket service requirements">Datagram socket
service requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A datagram socket service must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="SocketService.html" title="Socket service requirements">socket
service</a>, as well as the additional requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a datagram socket service class for protocol <a class="link" href="Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Protocol</span></code></a>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">e</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socket_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">message_flags</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
denotes a value satisfying <a class="link" href="MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">mutable
buffer sequence</a> requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code>
denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="ReadHandler.html" title="Read handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code></a> requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> denotes a value satisfying <a class="link" href="ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">constant
buffer sequence</a> requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code>
denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="WriteHandler.html" title="Write handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code></a> requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.DatagramSocketService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;8.&#160;DatagramSocketService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="DatagramSocketService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">receive</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Reads one or more bytes of data from a connected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The mutable buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data should be placed. The operation
shall always fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes read. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_receive</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">rh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to read one or more
bytes of data from a connected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The operation shall always
fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding to the
next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one or more
copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> until
such time as the read operation no longer requires access to the
memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program must
ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy of
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code> is invoked
with the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">receive_from</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Reads one or more bytes of data from an unconnected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The mutable buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data should be placed. The operation
shall always fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes read. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_receive_from</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">rh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to read one or more
bytes of data from an unconnected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The operation shall always
fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding to the
next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one or more
copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> until
such time as the read operation no longer requires access to the
memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program must
ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy of
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> The program must ensure
the object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">e</span></code> is
valid until the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked.<br>
<br> If the operation completes successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code> object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code> is invoked with the number
of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">send</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Writes one or more bytes of data to a connected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The constant buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data to be written is located. The operation
shall always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes written. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_send</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">wh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to write one or more
bytes of data to a connected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The constant buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data to be written is located. The operation shall
always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one
or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
until such time as the write operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code> is invoked
with the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">send_to</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Writes one or more bytes of data to an unconnected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The constant buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data to be written is located. The operation
shall always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes written. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_send</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wh</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to write one or more
bytes of data to an unconnected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The constant buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data to be written is located. The operation shall
always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one
or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
until such time as the write operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code> is invoked
with the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.DescriptorService"></a><a class="link" href="DescriptorService.html" title="Descriptor service requirements">Descriptor service
requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A descriptor service must meet the requirements for an <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">I/O
object service</a> with support for movability, as well as the additional
requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a descriptor service class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ao</span></code> denote values of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code> denote values of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">n</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle_type</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code> denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="IoControlCommand.html" title="I/O control command requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">IoControlCommand</span></code></a> requirements, and
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code>
denote identifiers.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.DescriptorService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;9.&#160;DescriptorService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="DescriptorService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The implementation-defined native representation of a descriptor.
Must satisfy the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">CopyConstructible</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 20.1.3), and the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Assignable</span></code> types (C++ Std, 23.1).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements.<br> post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">destroy</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. Implicitly cancels asynchronous operations, as if
by calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">move_construct</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. The underlying native representation is moved from
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code> to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">move_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ao</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. Implicitly cancels asynchronous operations associated
with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>, as if by
calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
Then the underlying native representation is moved from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code> to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br> post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span> <span class="special">||</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
is true, causes any outstanding asynchronous operations to complete
as soon as possible. Handlers for cancelled operations shall be
passed the error code <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">operation_aborted</span></code>.<br>
post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">native_handle</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cancel</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
Causes any outstanding asynchronous operations to complete as soon
as possible. Handlers for cancelled operations shall be passed
the error code <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">operation_aborted</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io_control</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.Endpoint"></a><a class="link" href="Endpoint.html" title="Endpoint requirements">Endpoint requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
An endpoint must meet the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">CopyConstructible</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 20.1.3), and the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Assignable</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 23.1).
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
an endpoint class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> denotes
a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code> denotes a size in bytes, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code> denotes an identifier.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.Endpoint.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;10.&#160;Endpoint requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Endpoint requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">protocol_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
type meeting <a class="link" href="Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements">protocol</a>
requirements
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">;</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">protocol</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">protocol_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
a pointer
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a pointer suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>address</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> functions such as <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/accept.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
<a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getpeername.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getpeername</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
<a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getsockname.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockname</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
and <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/recvfrom.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">recvfrom</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>.
The implementation shall perform a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">reinterpret_cast</span></code>
on the pointer to convert it to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sockaddr</span><span class="special">*</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span>
<span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
a pointer
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a pointer suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>address</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> functions such as <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/connect.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
or as the <span class="emphasis"><em>dest_addr</em></span> argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span>
functions such as <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/sendto.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sendto</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>.
The implementation shall perform a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">reinterpret_cast</span></code>
on the pointer to convert it to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">sockaddr</span><span class="special">*</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>address_len</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> functions such as <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/connect.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">connect</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
or as the <span class="emphasis"><em>dest_len</em></span> argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span>
functions such as <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/sendto.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sendto</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
after appropriate integer conversion has been performed.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resize</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">s</span></code><br>
Passed the value contained in the <span class="emphasis"><em>address_len</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> functions such as <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/accept.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
<a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getpeername.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getpeername</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
<a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getsockname.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockname</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
and <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/recvfrom.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">recvfrom</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
after successful completion of the function. Permitted to throw
an exception if the protocol associated with the endpoint object
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> does not support
the specified size.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">capacity</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>address_len</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> functions such as <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/accept.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
<a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getpeername.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getpeername</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
<a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getsockname.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockname</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
and <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/recvfrom.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">recvfrom</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>,
after appropriate integer conversion has been performed.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<title>Gettable serial port option requirements</title>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.GettableSerialPortOption"></a><a class="link" href="GettableSerialPortOption.html" title="Gettable serial port option requirements">Gettable serial
port option requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a serial port option class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code>
denotes a value of implementation-defined type <span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal">storage</code></em></span>
(where <span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal">storage</code></em></span> is the type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">DCB</span></code> on Windows and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">termios</span></code>
on <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> platforms), and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code>
denotes an identifier.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.GettableSerialPortOption.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;11.&#160;GettableSerialPortOption requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="GettableSerialPortOption requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> </code><span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal">storage</code></em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span>
<span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">;</span></code><br> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">load</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Retrieves the value of the serial port option from the storage.<br>
<br> If successful, sets <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
such that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
is true. If an error occurred, sets <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
such that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
is true. Returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.GettableSocketOption"></a><a class="link" href="GettableSocketOption.html" title="Gettable socket option requirements">Gettable socket
option requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a socket option class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p</span></code> denotes a value that meets the <a class="link" href="Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements">protocol</a> requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code> denotes an identifier.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.GettableSocketOption.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;12.&#160;GettableSocketOption requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="GettableSocketOption requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">level</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>level</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getsockopt.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>option_name</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getsockopt.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
a pointer, convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a pointer suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>option_value</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getsockopt.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>option_len</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getsockopt.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent), after appropriate integer conversion has been
performed.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resize</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">s</span></code>.<br>
Passed the value contained in the <span class="emphasis"><em>option_len</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/getsockopt.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent) after successful completion of the function. Permitted
to throw an exception if the socket option object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> does not support the specified
size.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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</tr></table>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.HandleService"></a><a class="link" href="HandleService.html" title="Handle service requirements">Handle service requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A handle service must meet the requirements for an <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">I/O
object service</a> with support for movability, as well as the additional
requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a handle service class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ao</span></code> denote values of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code> denote values of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">n</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle_type</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code>
denote identifiers.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.HandleService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;14.&#160;HandleService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="HandleService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The implementation-defined native representation of a handle. Must
satisfy the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">CopyConstructible</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 20.1.3), and the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Assignable</span></code> types (C++ Std, 23.1).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements.<br> post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">destroy</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. Implicitly cancels asynchronous operations, as if
by calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">move_construct</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. The underlying native representation is moved from
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code> to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">move_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ao</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. Implicitly cancels asynchronous operations associated
with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>, as if by
calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
Then the underlying native representation is moved from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code> to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br> post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span> <span class="special">||</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
is true, causes any outstanding asynchronous operations to complete
as soon as possible. Handlers for cancelled operations shall be
passed the error code <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">operation_aborted</span></code>.<br>
post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">native_handle</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cancel</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
Causes any outstanding asynchronous operations to complete as soon
as possible. Handlers for cancelled operations shall be passed
the error code <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">operation_aborted</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<title>Handlers</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.Handler"></a><a class="link" href="Handler.html" title="Handlers">Handlers</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A handler must meet the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">CopyConstructible</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 20.1.3).
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a handler class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> denotes
a value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p</span></code> denotes a pointer to a block of allocated
memory of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code> denotes the size for a
block of allocated memory, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>
denotes a function object taking no arguments.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.Handler.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;13.&#160;Handler requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Handler requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">asio_handler_allocate</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">asio_handler_allocate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a pointer to a block of memory of size <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code>.
The pointer must satisfy the same alignment requirements as a pointer
returned by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span>
<span class="keyword">new</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
Throws <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bad_alloc</span></code>
on failure.<br> <br> The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio_handler_allocate</span><span class="special">()</span></code> function is located using argument-dependent
lookup. The function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">asio_handler_allocate</span><span class="special">()</span></code> serves as a default if no user-supplied
function is available.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">asio_handler_deallocate</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">asio_handler_deallocate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Frees a block of memory associated with a pointer <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p</span></code>, of at least size <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code>, that was previously allocated
using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio_handler_allocate</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.<br> <br> The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio_handler_deallocate</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
function is located using argument-dependent lookup. The function
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">asio_handler_deallocate</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
serves as a default if no user-supplied function is available.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">asio_handler_invoke</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">asio_handler_invoke</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Causes the function object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>
to be executed as if by calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.<br> <br> The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio_handler_invoke</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
function is located using argument-dependent lookup. The function
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">asio_handler_invoke</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
serves as a default if no user-supplied function is available.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.HandshakeHandler"></a><a class="link" href="HandshakeHandler.html" title="SSL handshake handler requirements">SSL handshake handler
requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A handshake handler must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Handler.html" title="Handlers">handler</a>.
A value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> of a handshake
handler class should work correctly in the expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>,
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> is an lvalue of
type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.reference.HandshakeHandler.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.reference.HandshakeHandler.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="HandshakeHandler.html#asio.reference.HandshakeHandler.examples">Examples</a>
</h5>
<p>
A free function as a handshake handler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">handshake_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
A handshake handler function object:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">handshake_handler</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A non-static class member function adapted to a handshake handler using
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">()</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handshake_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">ssl_stream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_handshake</span><span class="special">(...,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handshake_handler</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.InternetProtocol"></a><a class="link" href="InternetProtocol.html" title="Internet protocol requirements">Internet protocol requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
An internet protocol must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements">protocol</a>
as well as the additional requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
an internet protocol class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>,
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> denotes a value of
type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.InternetProtocol.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;15.&#160;InternetProtocol requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="InternetProtocol requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The type of a resolver for the protocol.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">v4</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns an object representing the IP version 4 protocol.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">v6</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns an object representing the IP version 6 protocol.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">==</span>
<span class="identifier">b</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns whether two protocol objects are equal.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">!=</span>
<span class="identifier">b</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!(</span><span class="identifier">a</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<title>I/O control command requirements</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.IoControlCommand"></a><a class="link" href="IoControlCommand.html" title="I/O control command requirements">I/O control command
requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
an I/O control command class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, and
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code> denotes an identifier.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.IoControlCommand.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;16.&#160;IoControlCommand requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="IoControlCommand requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>request</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/ioctl.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ioctl</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
a pointer, convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.IoObjectService"></a><a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">I/O object service requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
An I/O object service must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Service.html" title="Service requirements">service</a>,
as well as the requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
an I/O object service class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ao</span></code> denote values of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code> denote values of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code> denotes an identifier.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.IoObjectService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;17.&#160;IoObjectService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="IoObjectService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">;</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
note: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code> has a public
default constructor and destructor.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">destroy</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
note: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">destroy</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
will only be called on a value that has previously been initialised
with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">move_construct</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">move_construct</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
note: only required for I/O objects that support movability.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">move_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ao</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
note: only required for I/O objects that support movability.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.MutableBufferSequence"></a><a class="link" href="MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">Mutable buffer
sequence requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a class containing objects of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code>
denotes an identifier.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.MutableBufferSequence.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;18.&#160;MutableBufferSequence requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="MutableBufferSequence requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> meets the requirements
for <a class="link" href="ConvertibleToMutableBuffer.html" title="Convertible to mutable buffer requirements">ConvertibleToMutableBuffer</a>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
iterator type pointing to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
meets the requirements for bidirectional iterators (C++ Std, 24.1.4).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_mutable_buffer_seq</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">))</span></code> where the binary predicate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_mutable_buffer_seq</span></code> is defined
as
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">equal_mutable_buffer_seq</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">x2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">equal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">x1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(),</span>
<span class="identifier">x2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
and the binary predicate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span></code>
is defined as
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
post:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">equal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(),</span>
<span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
where the binary predicate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span></code>
is defined as
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">equal_buffer</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">mutable_buffer</span> <span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">buffer_size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)-&gt;~</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
note: the destructor is applied to every element of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>; all the memory is deallocated.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
or convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
or convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.ObjectHandleService"></a><a class="link" href="ObjectHandleService.html" title="Object handle service requirements">Object handle service
requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
An object handle service must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="HandleService.html" title="Handle service requirements">handle
service</a>, as well as the additional requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
an object handle service class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>,
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code> denotes a value meeting
<a class="link" href="WaitHandler.html" title="Wait handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WaitHandler</span></code></a>
requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.ObjectHandleService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;19.&#160;ObjectHandleService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="ObjectHandleService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">wait</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Synchronously waits for the object represented by handle
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> to become signalled.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_wait</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">wh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to wait for the object
represented by handle <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>
to become signalled. The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code> object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.Protocol"></a><a class="link" href="Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements">Protocol requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A protocol must meet the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">CopyConstructible</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 20.1.3), and the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Assignable</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 23.1).
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a protocol class, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> denotes
a value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.Protocol.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;20.&#160;Protocol requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Protocol requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
type meeting <a class="link" href="Endpoint.html" title="Endpoint requirements">endpoint</a>
requirements
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">family</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>domain</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/socket.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>type</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/socket.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">protocol</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>protocol</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/socket.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.RandomAccessHandleService"></a><a class="link" href="RandomAccessHandleService.html" title="Random access handle service requirements">Random access
handle service requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A random access handle service must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="HandleService.html" title="Handle service requirements">handle
service</a>, as well as the additional requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a random access handle service class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code> denotes an offset of type
boost::uint64_t, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> denotes
a value satisfying <a class="link" href="MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">mutable
buffer sequence</a> requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code>
denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="ReadHandler.html" title="Read handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code></a> requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> denotes a value satisfying <a class="link" href="ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">constant
buffer sequence</a> requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code>
denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="WriteHandler.html" title="Write handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code></a> requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.RandomAccessHandleService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;21.&#160;RandomAccessHandleService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="RandomAccessHandleService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">read_some_at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Reads one or more bytes of data from a handle <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> at offset <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code>.<br>
<br> The mutable buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data should be placed. The operation
shall always fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes read. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
If the total size of all buffers in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>,
the function shall return <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>
immediately.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some_at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">rh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to read one or more
bytes of data from a handle <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>
at offset <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code>. The
operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The operation shall always
fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding to the
next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one or more
copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> until
such time as the read operation no longer requires access to the
memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program must
ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy of
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first. If the total size of all buffers
in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, the asynchronous
read operation shall complete immediately and pass <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code> as the argument to the handler
that specifies the number of bytes read.<br> <br> If the operation
completes successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code> is invoked
with the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">write_some_at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Writes one or more bytes of data to a handle <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> at offset <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code>.<br>
<br> The constant buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data to be written is located. The operation
shall always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes written. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
If the total size of all buffers in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>,
the function shall return <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>
immediately.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_write_some_at</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">wh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to write one or more
bytes of data to a handle <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>
at offset <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code>. The
operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The constant buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data to be written is located. The operation shall
always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one
or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
until such time as the write operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first. If the total size of all buffers
in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, the asynchronous
operation shall complete immediately and pass <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>
as the argument to the handler that specifies the number of bytes
read.<br> <br> If the operation completes successfully, the
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code> object
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code> is invoked with
the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
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<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.RawSocketService"></a><a class="link" href="RawSocketService.html" title="Raw socket service requirements">Raw socket service requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A raw socket service must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="SocketService.html" title="Socket service requirements">socket
service</a>, as well as the additional requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a raw socket service class for protocol <a class="link" href="Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Protocol</span></code></a>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">e</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socket_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">message_flags</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
denotes a value satisfying <a class="link" href="MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">mutable
buffer sequence</a> requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code>
denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="ReadHandler.html" title="Read handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code></a> requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> denotes a value satisfying <a class="link" href="ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">constant
buffer sequence</a> requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code>
denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="WriteHandler.html" title="Write handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code></a> requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.RawSocketService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;22.&#160;RawSocketService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="RawSocketService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">receive</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Reads one or more bytes of data from a connected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The mutable buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data should be placed. The operation
shall always fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes read. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_receive</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">rh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to read one or more
bytes of data from a connected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The operation shall always
fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding to the
next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one or more
copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> until
such time as the read operation no longer requires access to the
memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program must
ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy of
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code> is invoked
with the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">receive_from</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Reads one or more bytes of data from an unconnected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The mutable buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data should be placed. The operation
shall always fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes read. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_receive_from</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">rh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to read one or more
bytes of data from an unconnected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The operation shall always
fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding to the
next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one or more
copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> until
such time as the read operation no longer requires access to the
memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program must
ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy of
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> The program must ensure
the object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">e</span></code> is
valid until the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked.<br>
<br> If the operation completes successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code> object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code> is invoked with the number
of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">send</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Writes one or more bytes of data to a connected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The constant buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data to be written is located. The operation
shall always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes written. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_send</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">wh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to write one or more
bytes of data to a connected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The constant buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data to be written is located. The operation shall
always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one
or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
until such time as the write operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code> is invoked
with the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">send_to</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Writes one or more bytes of data to an unconnected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The constant buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data to be written is located. The operation
shall always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes written. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Protocol</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endpoint</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_send</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wh</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to write one or more
bytes of data to an unconnected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The constant buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data to be written is located. The operation shall
always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one
or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
until such time as the write operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code> is invoked
with the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<a name="asio.reference.ReadHandler"></a><a class="link" href="ReadHandler.html" title="Read handler requirements">Read handler requirements</a>
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<p>
A read handler must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Handler.html" title="Handlers">handler</a>.
A value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> of a read handler
class should work correctly in the expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span></code>,
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> is an lvalue of
type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code> is an lvalue of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.reference.ReadHandler.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.reference.ReadHandler.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="ReadHandler.html#asio.reference.ReadHandler.examples">Examples</a>
</h5>
<p>
A free function as a read handler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">read_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">bytes_transferred</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
A read handler function object:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">read_handler</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">bytes_transferred</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A non-static class member function adapted to a read handler using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">()</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">read_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">bytes_transferred</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">socket</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read</span><span class="special">(...,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">read_handler</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bytes_transferred</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<a name="asio.reference.ResolveHandler"></a><a class="link" href="ResolveHandler.html" title="Resolve handler requirements">Resolve handler requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A resolve handler must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="Handler.html" title="Handlers">handler</a>.
A value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> of a resolve handler
class should work correctly in the expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span></code>,
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> is an lvalue of
type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code> is an lvalue of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span></code>
is the template parameter of the <a class="link" href="ip__resolver_service.html" title="ip::resolver_service"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">resolver_service</span></code></a> which is used to
initiate the asynchronous operation.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="asio.reference.ResolveHandler.h0"></a>
<span><a name="asio.reference.ResolveHandler.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="ResolveHandler.html#asio.reference.ResolveHandler.examples">Examples</a>
</h5>
<p>
A free function as a resolve handler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">resolve_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
A resolve handler function object:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">resolve_handler</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A non-static class member function adapted to a resolve handler using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">()</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolve_handler</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tcp</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">resolver</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">(...,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bind</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">resolve_handler</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">asio</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">placeholders</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.ResolverService"></a><a class="link" href="ResolverService.html" title="Resolver service requirements">Resolver service requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A resolver service must meet the requirements for an <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">I/O
object service</a>, as well as the additional requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a resolver service class for protocol <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">q</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_query</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">e</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_endpoint</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="ResolveHandler.html" title="Resolve handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ResolveHandler</span></code></a> requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.ResolverService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;23.&#160;ResolverService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="ResolverService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">destroy</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. Implicitly cancels asynchronous resolve operations,
as if by calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cancel</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cancel</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Causes any outstanding asynchronous resolve operations to complete
as soon as possible. Handlers for cancelled operations shall be
passed the error code <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">operation_aborted</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resolve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">q</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
<span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
On success, returns an iterator <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code>
such that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">!=</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;()</span></code>.
Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;()</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">q</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Initiates an asynchronous resolve operation that is performed via
the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ResolveHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> shall
be invoked with an iterator object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code>
such that the condition <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span>
<span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;()</span></code> holds. Otherwise it is invoked
with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;()</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">resolve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
<span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
On success, returns an iterator <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code>
such that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">!=</span>
<span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;()</span></code>.
Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;()</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_resolve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Initiates an asynchronous resolve operation that is performed via
the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ResolveHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">h</span></code> shall
be invoked with an iterator object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code>
such that the condition <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span>
<span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;()</span></code> holds. Otherwise it is invoked
with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ip</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_resolver_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">InternetProtocol</span><span class="special">&gt;()</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.SeqPacketSocketService"></a><a class="link" href="SeqPacketSocketService.html" title="Sequenced packet socket service requirements">Sequenced packet
socket service requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A sequenced packet socket service must meet the requirements for a <a class="link" href="SocketService.html" title="Socket service requirements">socket service</a>, as well as
the additional requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a stream socket service class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socket_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">message_flags</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">g</span></code>
denotes an lvalue of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">socket_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">message_flags</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> denotes a value satisfying
<a class="link" href="MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">mutable buffer sequence</a>
requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code> denotes
a value meeting <a class="link" href="ReadHandler.html" title="Read handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code></a> requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> denotes a value satisfying <a class="link" href="ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">constant
buffer sequence</a> requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code>
denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="WriteHandler.html" title="Write handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code></a> requirements.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.SeqPacketSocketService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;24.&#160;StreamSocketService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="StreamSocketService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">receive</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Reads one or more bytes of data from a connected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The mutable buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data should be placed. The operation
shall always fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, sets <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">g</span></code>
to the flags associated with the received data, and returns the
number of bytes read. Otherwise, sets <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">g</span></code>
to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code> and returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_receive</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">rh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to read one or more
bytes of data from a connected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The operation shall always
fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding to the
next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one or more
copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> until
such time as the read operation no longer requires access to the
memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program must
ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy of
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, sets <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">g</span></code>
to the flags associated with the received data, then invokes the
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code> object
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code> with the number
of bytes transferred. Otherwise, sets <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">g</span></code>
to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code> and invokes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code> with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>
bytes transferred.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">send</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Writes one or more bytes of data to a connected socket
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br>
The constant buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data to be written is located. The operation
shall always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes written. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_send</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">wh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to write one or more
bytes of data to a connected socket <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The constant buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data to be written is located. The operation shall
always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one
or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
until such time as the write operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first.<br> <br> If the operation completes
successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code> is invoked
with the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.SerialPortService"></a><a class="link" href="SerialPortService.html" title="Serial port service requirements">Serial port service
requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A serial port service must meet the requirements for an <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">I/O
object service</a> with support for movability, as well as the additional
requirements listed below.
</p>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a serial port service class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ao</span></code> denote values of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">d</span></code>
denotes a serial port device name of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code>
denote values of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">n</span></code>
denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle_type</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> denotes a value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code> denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="SettableSerialPortOption.html" title="Settable serial port option requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">SettableSerialPortOption</span></code></a> requirements,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">g</span></code> denotes a value meeting
<a class="link" href="GettableSerialPortOption.html" title="Gettable serial port option requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">GettableSerialPortOption</span></code></a>
requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> denotes
a value satisfying <a class="link" href="MutableBufferSequence.html" title="Mutable buffer sequence requirements">mutable
buffer sequence</a> requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code>
denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="ReadHandler.html" title="Read handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code></a> requirements, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> denotes a value satisfying <a class="link" href="ConstBufferSequence.html" title="Constant buffer sequence requirements">constant
buffer sequence</a> requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code>
denotes a value meeting <a class="link" href="WriteHandler.html" title="Write handler requirements"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code></a> requirements. and
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code>
denote identifiers.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.SerialPortService.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;25.&#160;SerialPortService requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="SerialPortService requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-condition
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The implementation-defined native representation of a serial port.
Must satisfy the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">CopyConstructible</span></code>
types (C++ Std, 20.1.3), and the requirements of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Assignable</span></code> types (C++ Std, 23.1).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements.<br> post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">destroy</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. Implicitly cancels asynchronous operations, as if
by calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">move_construct</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. The underlying native representation is moved from
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code> to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">move_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ao</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<p>
From <a class="link" href="IoObjectService.html" title="I/O object service requirements">IoObjectService</a>
requirements. Implicitly cancels asynchronous operations associated
with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>, as if by
calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
Then the underlying native representation is moved from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">c</span></code> to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br> post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span> <span class="special">||</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br> post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span> <span class="special">||</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">close</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
is true, causes any outstanding asynchronous operations to complete
as soon as possible. Handlers for cancelled operations shall be
passed the error code <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">operation_aborted</span></code>.<br>
post: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">native_handle</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">native_handle_type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cancel</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
Causes any outstanding asynchronous operations to complete as soon
as possible. Handlers for cancelled operations shall be passed
the error code <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">operation_aborted</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set_option</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_option</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">implementation_type</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_option</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">send_break</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">read_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Reads one or more bytes of data from a serial port <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The operation shall always
fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding to the
next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of bytes read.
Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
If the total size of all buffers in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>,
the function shall return <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>
immediately.<br> <br> If the operation completes due to graceful
connection closure by the peer, the operation shall fail with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">eof</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_read_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">mb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">rh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to read one or more
bytes of data from a serial port <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The mutable buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data should be placed. The operation shall always
fill a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding to the
next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one or more
copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> until
such time as the read operation no longer requires access to the
memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program must
ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy of
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first. If the total size of all buffers
in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mb</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, the asynchronous
read operation shall complete immediately and pass <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code> as the argument to the handler
that specifies the number of bytes read.<br> <br> If the operation
completes due to graceful connection closure by the peer, the operation
shall fail with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">eof</span></code>.<br>
<br> If the operation completes successfully, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ReadHandler</span></code> object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rh</span></code> is invoked with the number
of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">write_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Writes one or more bytes of data to a serial port <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.<br> <br> The constant
buffer sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
specifies memory where the data to be written is located. The operation
shall always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> If successful, returns the number of
bytes written. Otherwise returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
If the total size of all buffers in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>,
the function shall return <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>
immediately.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">async_write_some</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">cb</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">wh</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pre: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">is_open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.<br>
<br> Initiates an asynchronous operation to write one or more
bytes of data to a serial port <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code>.
The operation is performed via the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code>
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_io_service</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and behaves according to <a class="link" href="asynchronous_operations.html" title="Requirements on asynchronous operations">asynchronous
operation</a> requirements.<br> <br> The constant buffer
sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> specifies
memory where the data to be written is located. The operation shall
always write a buffer in the sequence completely before proceeding
to the next.<br> <br> The implementation shall maintain one
or more copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
until such time as the write operation no longer requires access
to the memory specified by the buffers in the sequence. The program
must ensure the memory is valid until:<br> <br> &#8212; the last copy
of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code> is destroyed,
or<br> <br> &#8212; the handler for the asynchronous operation is invoked,<br>
<br> whichever comes first. If the total size of all buffers
in the sequence <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cb</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, the asynchronous
operation shall complete immediately and pass <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>
as the argument to the handler that specifies the number of bytes
read.<br> <br> If the operation completes successfully, the
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">WriteHandler</span></code> object
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wh</span></code> is invoked with
the number of bytes transferred. Otherwise it is invoked with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="asio.reference.Service"></a><a class="link" href="Service.html" title="Service requirements">Service requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
A class is a service if it is publicly derived from another service, or if
it is a class derived from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">service</span></code>
and contains a publicly-accessible declaration as follows:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">id</span> <span class="identifier">id</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
All services define a one-argument constructor that takes a reference to
the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">io_service</span></code> object that
owns the service. This constructor is <span class="emphasis"><em>explicit</em></span>, preventing
its participation in automatic conversions. For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">my_service</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">service</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">id</span> <span class="identifier">id</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">my_service</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">io_service</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ios</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">shutdown_service</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A service's <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shutdown_service</span></code>
member function must cause all copies of user-defined handler objects that
are held by the service to be destroyed.
</p>
</div>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<a name="asio.reference.SettableSerialPortOption"></a><a class="link" href="SettableSerialPortOption.html" title="Settable serial port option requirements">Settable serial
port option requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a serial port option class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code> denotes a value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code>
denotes a value of implementation-defined type <span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal">storage</code></em></span>
(where <span class="emphasis"><em><code class="literal">storage</code></em></span> is the type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">DCB</span></code> on Windows and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">termios</span></code>
on <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> platforms), and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code>
denotes an identifier.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.SettableSerialPortOption.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;26.&#160;SettableSerialPortOption requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="SettableSerialPortOption requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span>
<span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span></code><br> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">store</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_code</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Saves the value of the serial port option to the storage.<br>
<br> If successful, sets <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
such that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
is true. If an error occurred, sets <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
such that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">!!</span><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
is true. Returns <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
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</div>
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<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<a name="asio.reference.SettableSocketOption"></a><a class="link" href="SettableSocketOption.html" title="Settable socket option requirements">Settable socket
option requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In the table below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> denotes
a socket option class, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
denotes a value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p</span></code> denotes a value that meets the <a class="link" href="Protocol.html" title="Protocol requirements">protocol</a> requirements, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">u</span></code> denotes an identifier.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="asio.reference.SettableSocketOption.t0"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;27.&#160;SettableSocketOption requirements</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="SettableSocketOption requirements">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
assertion/note<br> pre/post-conditions
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">level</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>level</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/setsockopt.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">setsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>option_name</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/setsockopt.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">setsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span>
<span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">u</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
a pointer, convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a pointer suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>option_value</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/setsockopt.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">setsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_t</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns a value suitable for passing as the <span class="emphasis"><em>option_len</em></span>
argument to <span class="emphasis"><em>POSIX</em></span> <a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/setsockopt.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">setsockopt</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
(or equivalent), after appropriate integer conversion has been
performed.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Christopher M.
Kohlhoff<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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