1138 lines
43 KiB
OCaml
1138 lines
43 KiB
OCaml
(***********************************************************************)
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(* *)
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(* OCaml *)
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(* *)
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(* Xavier Leroy, projet Cristal, INRIA Rocquencourt *)
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(* *)
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(* Copyright 1996 Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et *)
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(* en Automatique. All rights reserved. This file is distributed *)
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(* under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License, with *)
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(* the special exception on linking described in file ../LICENSE. *)
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(* *)
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(***********************************************************************)
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(** The initially opened module.
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This module provides the basic operations over the built-in types
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(numbers, booleans, byte sequences, strings, exceptions, references,
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lists, arrays, input-output channels, ...).
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This module is automatically opened at the beginning of each compilation.
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All components of this module can therefore be referred by their short
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name, without prefixing them by [Pervasives].
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*)
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(** {6 Exceptions} *)
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external raise : exn -> 'a = "%raise"
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(** Raise the given exception value *)
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external raise_notrace : exn -> 'a = "%raise_notrace"
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(** A faster version [raise] which does not record the backtrace.
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@since 4.02.0
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*)
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val invalid_arg : string -> 'a
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(** Raise exception [Invalid_argument] with the given string. *)
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val failwith : string -> 'a
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(** Raise exception [Failure] with the given string. *)
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exception Exit
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(** The [Exit] exception is not raised by any library function. It is
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provided for use in your programs. *)
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(** {6 Comparisons} *)
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external ( = ) : 'a -> 'a -> bool = "%equal"
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(** [e1 = e2] tests for structural equality of [e1] and [e2].
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Mutable structures (e.g. references and arrays) are equal
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if and only if their current contents are structurally equal,
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even if the two mutable objects are not the same physical object.
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Equality between functional values raises [Invalid_argument].
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Equality between cyclic data structures may not terminate. *)
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external ( <> ) : 'a -> 'a -> bool = "%notequal"
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(** Negation of {!Pervasives.( = )}. *)
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external ( < ) : 'a -> 'a -> bool = "%lessthan"
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(** See {!Pervasives.( >= )}. *)
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external ( > ) : 'a -> 'a -> bool = "%greaterthan"
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(** See {!Pervasives.( >= )}. *)
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external ( <= ) : 'a -> 'a -> bool = "%lessequal"
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(** See {!Pervasives.( >= )}. *)
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external ( >= ) : 'a -> 'a -> bool = "%greaterequal"
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(** Structural ordering functions. These functions coincide with
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the usual orderings over integers, characters, strings, byte sequences
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and floating-point numbers, and extend them to a
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total ordering over all types.
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The ordering is compatible with [( = )]. As in the case
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of [( = )], mutable structures are compared by contents.
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Comparison between functional values raises [Invalid_argument].
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Comparison between cyclic structures may not terminate. *)
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external compare : 'a -> 'a -> int = "%compare"
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(** [compare x y] returns [0] if [x] is equal to [y],
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a negative integer if [x] is less than [y], and a positive integer
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if [x] is greater than [y]. The ordering implemented by [compare]
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is compatible with the comparison predicates [=], [<] and [>]
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defined above, with one difference on the treatment of the float value
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{!Pervasives.nan}. Namely, the comparison predicates treat [nan]
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as different from any other float value, including itself;
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while [compare] treats [nan] as equal to itself and less than any
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other float value. This treatment of [nan] ensures that [compare]
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defines a total ordering relation.
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[compare] applied to functional values may raise [Invalid_argument].
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[compare] applied to cyclic structures may not terminate.
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The [compare] function can be used as the comparison function
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required by the {!Set.Make} and {!Map.Make} functors, as well as
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the {!List.sort} and {!Array.sort} functions. *)
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val min : 'a -> 'a -> 'a
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(** Return the smaller of the two arguments.
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The result is unspecified if one of the arguments contains
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the float value [nan]. *)
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val max : 'a -> 'a -> 'a
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(** Return the greater of the two arguments.
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The result is unspecified if one of the arguments contains
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the float value [nan]. *)
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external ( == ) : 'a -> 'a -> bool = "%eq"
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(** [e1 == e2] tests for physical equality of [e1] and [e2].
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On mutable types such as references, arrays, byte sequences, records with
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mutable fields and objects with mutable instance variables,
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[e1 == e2] is true if and only if physical modification of [e1]
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also affects [e2].
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On non-mutable types, the behavior of [( == )] is
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implementation-dependent; however, it is guaranteed that
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[e1 == e2] implies [compare e1 e2 = 0]. *)
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external ( != ) : 'a -> 'a -> bool = "%noteq"
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(** Negation of {!Pervasives.( == )}. *)
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(** {6 Boolean operations} *)
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external not : bool -> bool = "%boolnot"
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(** The boolean negation. *)
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external ( && ) : bool -> bool -> bool = "%sequand"
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(** The boolean 'and'. Evaluation is sequential, left-to-right:
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in [e1 && e2], [e1] is evaluated first, and if it returns [false],
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[e2] is not evaluated at all. *)
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external ( & ) : bool -> bool -> bool = "%sequand"
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[@@ocaml.deprecated "Use (&&) instead."]
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(** @deprecated {!Pervasives.( && )} should be used instead. *)
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external ( || ) : bool -> bool -> bool = "%sequor"
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(** The boolean 'or'. Evaluation is sequential, left-to-right:
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in [e1 || e2], [e1] is evaluated first, and if it returns [true],
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[e2] is not evaluated at all. *)
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external ( or ) : bool -> bool -> bool = "%sequor"
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[@@ocaml.deprecated "Use (||) instead."]
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(** @deprecated {!Pervasives.( || )} should be used instead.*)
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(** {6 Debugging} *)
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external __LOC__ : string = "%loc_LOC"
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(** [__LOC__] returns the location at which this expression appears in
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the file currently being parsed by the compiler, with the standard
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error format of OCaml: "File %S, line %d, characters %d-%d".
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@since 4.02.0
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*)
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external __FILE__ : string = "%loc_FILE"
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(** [__FILE__] returns the name of the file currently being
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parsed by the compiler.
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@since 4.02.0
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*)
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external __LINE__ : int = "%loc_LINE"
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(** [__LINE__] returns the line number at which this expression
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appears in the file currently being parsed by the compiler.
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@since 4.02.0
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*)
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external __MODULE__ : string = "%loc_MODULE"
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(** [__MODULE__] returns the module name of the file being
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parsed by the compiler.
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@since 4.02.0
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*)
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external __POS__ : string * int * int * int = "%loc_POS"
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(** [__POS__] returns a tuple [(file,lnum,cnum,enum)], corresponding
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to the location at which this expression appears in the file
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currently being parsed by the compiler. [file] is the current
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filename, [lnum] the line number, [cnum] the character position in
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the line and [enum] the last character position in the line.
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@since 4.02.0
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*)
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external __LOC_OF__ : 'a -> string * 'a = "%loc_LOC"
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(** [__LOC_OF__ expr] returns a pair [(loc, expr)] where [loc] is the
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location of [expr] in the file currently being parsed by the
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compiler, with the standard error format of OCaml: "File %S, line
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%d, characters %d-%d".
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@since 4.02.0
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*)
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external __LINE_OF__ : 'a -> int * 'a = "%loc_LINE"
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(** [__LINE__ expr] returns a pair [(line, expr)], where [line] is the
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line number at which the expression [expr] appears in the file
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currently being parsed by the compiler.
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@since 4.02.0
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*)
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external __POS_OF__ : 'a -> (string * int * int * int) * 'a = "%loc_POS"
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(** [__POS_OF__ expr] returns a pair [(loc,expr)], where [loc] is a
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tuple [(file,lnum,cnum,enum)] corresponding to the location at
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which the expression [expr] appears in the file currently being
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parsed by the compiler. [file] is the current filename, [lnum] the
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line number, [cnum] the character position in the line and [enum]
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the last character position in the line.
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@since 4.02.0
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*)
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(** {6 Composition operators} *)
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external ( |> ) : 'a -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'b = "%revapply"
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(** Reverse-application operator: [x |> f |> g] is exactly equivalent
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to [g (f (x))].
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@since 4.01
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*)
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external ( @@ ) : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b = "%apply"
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(** Application operator: [g @@ f @@ x] is exactly equivalent to
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[g (f (x))].
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@since 4.01
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*)
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(** {6 Integer arithmetic} *)
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(** Integers are 31 bits wide (or 63 bits on 64-bit processors).
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All operations are taken modulo 2{^31} (or 2{^63}).
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They do not fail on overflow. *)
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external ( ~- ) : int -> int = "%negint"
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(** Unary negation. You can also write [- e] instead of [~- e]. *)
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external ( ~+ ) : int -> int = "%identity"
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(** Unary addition. You can also write [+ e] instead of [~+ e].
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@since 3.12.0
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*)
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external succ : int -> int = "%succint"
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(** [succ x] is [x + 1]. *)
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external pred : int -> int = "%predint"
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(** [pred x] is [x - 1]. *)
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external ( + ) : int -> int -> int = "%addint"
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(** Integer addition. *)
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external ( - ) : int -> int -> int = "%subint"
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(** Integer subtraction. *)
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external ( * ) : int -> int -> int = "%mulint"
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(** Integer multiplication. *)
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external ( / ) : int -> int -> int = "%divint"
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(** Integer division.
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Raise [Division_by_zero] if the second argument is 0.
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Integer division rounds the real quotient of its arguments towards zero.
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More precisely, if [x >= 0] and [y > 0], [x / y] is the greatest integer
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less than or equal to the real quotient of [x] by [y]. Moreover,
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[(- x) / y = x / (- y) = - (x / y)]. *)
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external ( mod ) : int -> int -> int = "%modint"
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(** Integer remainder. If [y] is not zero, the result
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of [x mod y] satisfies the following properties:
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[x = (x / y) * y + x mod y] and
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[abs(x mod y) <= abs(y) - 1].
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If [y = 0], [x mod y] raises [Division_by_zero].
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Note that [x mod y] is negative only if [x < 0].
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Raise [Division_by_zero] if [y] is zero. *)
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val abs : int -> int
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(** Return the absolute value of the argument. Note that this may be
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negative if the argument is [min_int]. *)
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val max_int : int
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(** The greatest representable integer. *)
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val min_int : int
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(** The smallest representable integer. *)
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(** {7 Bitwise operations} *)
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external ( land ) : int -> int -> int = "%andint"
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(** Bitwise logical and. *)
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external ( lor ) : int -> int -> int = "%orint"
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(** Bitwise logical or. *)
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external ( lxor ) : int -> int -> int = "%xorint"
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(** Bitwise logical exclusive or. *)
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val lnot : int -> int
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(** Bitwise logical negation. *)
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external ( lsl ) : int -> int -> int = "%lslint"
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(** [n lsl m] shifts [n] to the left by [m] bits.
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The result is unspecified if [m < 0] or [m >= bitsize],
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where [bitsize] is [32] on a 32-bit platform and
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[64] on a 64-bit platform. *)
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external ( lsr ) : int -> int -> int = "%lsrint"
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(** [n lsr m] shifts [n] to the right by [m] bits.
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This is a logical shift: zeroes are inserted regardless of
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the sign of [n].
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The result is unspecified if [m < 0] or [m >= bitsize]. *)
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external ( asr ) : int -> int -> int = "%asrint"
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(** [n asr m] shifts [n] to the right by [m] bits.
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This is an arithmetic shift: the sign bit of [n] is replicated.
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The result is unspecified if [m < 0] or [m >= bitsize]. *)
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(** {6 Floating-point arithmetic}
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OCaml's floating-point numbers follow the
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IEEE 754 standard, using double precision (64 bits) numbers.
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Floating-point operations never raise an exception on overflow,
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underflow, division by zero, etc. Instead, special IEEE numbers
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are returned as appropriate, such as [infinity] for [1.0 /. 0.0],
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[neg_infinity] for [-1.0 /. 0.0], and [nan] ('not a number')
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for [0.0 /. 0.0]. These special numbers then propagate through
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floating-point computations as expected: for instance,
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[1.0 /. infinity] is [0.0], and any arithmetic operation with [nan]
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as argument returns [nan] as result.
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*)
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external ( ~-. ) : float -> float = "%negfloat"
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(** Unary negation. You can also write [-. e] instead of [~-. e]. *)
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external ( ~+. ) : float -> float = "%identity"
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(** Unary addition. You can also write [+. e] instead of [~+. e].
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@since 3.12.0
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*)
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external ( +. ) : float -> float -> float = "%addfloat"
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(** Floating-point addition *)
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external ( -. ) : float -> float -> float = "%subfloat"
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(** Floating-point subtraction *)
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external ( *. ) : float -> float -> float = "%mulfloat"
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(** Floating-point multiplication *)
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external ( /. ) : float -> float -> float = "%divfloat"
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(** Floating-point division. *)
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external ( ** ) : float -> float -> float = "caml_power_float" "pow"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Exponentiation. *)
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external sqrt : float -> float = "caml_sqrt_float" "sqrt"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Square root. *)
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external exp : float -> float = "caml_exp_float" "exp" [@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Exponential. *)
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external log : float -> float = "caml_log_float" "log" [@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Natural logarithm. *)
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external log10 : float -> float = "caml_log10_float" "log10"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Base 10 logarithm. *)
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external expm1 : float -> float = "caml_expm1_float" "caml_expm1"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** [expm1 x] computes [exp x -. 1.0], giving numerically-accurate results
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even if [x] is close to [0.0].
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@since 3.12.0
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*)
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external log1p : float -> float = "caml_log1p_float" "caml_log1p"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** [log1p x] computes [log(1.0 +. x)] (natural logarithm),
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giving numerically-accurate results even if [x] is close to [0.0].
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@since 3.12.0
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*)
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external cos : float -> float = "caml_cos_float" "cos" [@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Cosine. Argument is in radians. *)
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external sin : float -> float = "caml_sin_float" "sin" [@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Sine. Argument is in radians. *)
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external tan : float -> float = "caml_tan_float" "tan" [@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Tangent. Argument is in radians. *)
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external acos : float -> float = "caml_acos_float" "acos"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Arc cosine. The argument must fall within the range [[-1.0, 1.0]].
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Result is in radians and is between [0.0] and [pi]. *)
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external asin : float -> float = "caml_asin_float" "asin"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Arc sine. The argument must fall within the range [[-1.0, 1.0]].
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Result is in radians and is between [-pi/2] and [pi/2]. *)
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external atan : float -> float = "caml_atan_float" "atan"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Arc tangent.
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Result is in radians and is between [-pi/2] and [pi/2]. *)
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external atan2 : float -> float -> float = "caml_atan2_float" "atan2"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** [atan2 y x] returns the arc tangent of [y /. x]. The signs of [x]
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and [y] are used to determine the quadrant of the result.
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Result is in radians and is between [-pi] and [pi]. *)
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external hypot : float -> float -> float = "caml_hypot_float" "caml_hypot"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** [hypot x y] returns [sqrt(x *. x + y *. y)], that is, the length
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of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with sides of length
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[x] and [y], or, equivalently, the distance of the point [(x,y)]
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to origin.
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@since 4.00.0 *)
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external cosh : float -> float = "caml_cosh_float" "cosh"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Hyperbolic cosine. Argument is in radians. *)
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external sinh : float -> float = "caml_sinh_float" "sinh"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Hyperbolic sine. Argument is in radians. *)
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external tanh : float -> float = "caml_tanh_float" "tanh"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Hyperbolic tangent. Argument is in radians. *)
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external ceil : float -> float = "caml_ceil_float" "ceil"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Round above to an integer value.
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[ceil f] returns the least integer value greater than or equal to [f].
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The result is returned as a float. *)
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external floor : float -> float = "caml_floor_float" "floor"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** Round below to an integer value.
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[floor f] returns the greatest integer value less than or
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equal to [f].
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The result is returned as a float. *)
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external abs_float : float -> float = "%absfloat"
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(** [abs_float f] returns the absolute value of [f]. *)
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external copysign : float -> float -> float
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= "caml_copysign_float" "caml_copysign"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** [copysign x y] returns a float whose absolute value is that of [x]
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and whose sign is that of [y]. If [x] is [nan], returns [nan].
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If [y] is [nan], returns either [x] or [-. x], but it is not
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specified which.
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@since 4.00.0 *)
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external mod_float : float -> float -> float = "caml_fmod_float" "fmod"
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[@@unboxed] [@@noalloc]
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(** [mod_float a b] returns the remainder of [a] with respect to
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[b]. The returned value is [a -. n *. b], where [n]
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is the quotient [a /. b] rounded towards zero to an integer. *)
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external frexp : float -> float * int = "caml_frexp_float"
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(** [frexp f] returns the pair of the significant
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and the exponent of [f]. When [f] is zero, the
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significant [x] and the exponent [n] of [f] are equal to
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zero. When [f] is non-zero, they are defined by
|
|
[f = x *. 2 ** n] and [0.5 <= x < 1.0]. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
external ldexp : (float [@unboxed]) -> (int [@untagged]) -> (float [@unboxed]) =
|
|
"caml_ldexp_float" "caml_ldexp_float_unboxed" [@@noalloc]
|
|
(** [ldexp x n] returns [x *. 2 ** n]. *)
|
|
|
|
external modf : float -> float * float = "caml_modf_float"
|
|
(** [modf f] returns the pair of the fractional and integral
|
|
part of [f]. *)
|
|
|
|
external float : int -> float = "%floatofint"
|
|
(** Same as {!Pervasives.float_of_int}. *)
|
|
|
|
external float_of_int : int -> float = "%floatofint"
|
|
(** Convert an integer to floating-point. *)
|
|
|
|
external truncate : float -> int = "%intoffloat"
|
|
(** Same as {!Pervasives.int_of_float}. *)
|
|
|
|
external int_of_float : float -> int = "%intoffloat"
|
|
(** Truncate the given floating-point number to an integer.
|
|
The result is unspecified if the argument is [nan] or falls outside the
|
|
range of representable integers. *)
|
|
|
|
val infinity : float
|
|
(** Positive infinity. *)
|
|
|
|
val neg_infinity : float
|
|
(** Negative infinity. *)
|
|
|
|
val nan : float
|
|
(** A special floating-point value denoting the result of an
|
|
undefined operation such as [0.0 /. 0.0]. Stands for
|
|
'not a number'. Any floating-point operation with [nan] as
|
|
argument returns [nan] as result. As for floating-point comparisons,
|
|
[=], [<], [<=], [>] and [>=] return [false] and [<>] returns [true]
|
|
if one or both of their arguments is [nan]. *)
|
|
|
|
val max_float : float
|
|
(** The largest positive finite value of type [float]. *)
|
|
|
|
val min_float : float
|
|
(** The smallest positive, non-zero, non-denormalized value of type [float]. *)
|
|
|
|
val epsilon_float : float
|
|
(** The difference between [1.0] and the smallest exactly representable
|
|
floating-point number greater than [1.0]. *)
|
|
|
|
type fpclass =
|
|
FP_normal (** Normal number, none of the below *)
|
|
| FP_subnormal (** Number very close to 0.0, has reduced precision *)
|
|
| FP_zero (** Number is 0.0 or -0.0 *)
|
|
| FP_infinite (** Number is positive or negative infinity *)
|
|
| FP_nan (** Not a number: result of an undefined operation *)
|
|
(** The five classes of floating-point numbers, as determined by
|
|
the {!Pervasives.classify_float} function. *)
|
|
|
|
external classify_float : (float [@unboxed]) -> fpclass =
|
|
"caml_classify_float" "caml_classify_float_unboxed" [@@noalloc]
|
|
(** Return the class of the given floating-point number:
|
|
normal, subnormal, zero, infinite, or not a number. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 String operations}
|
|
|
|
More string operations are provided in module {!String}.
|
|
*)
|
|
|
|
val ( ^ ) : string -> string -> string
|
|
(** String concatenation. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 Character operations}
|
|
|
|
More character operations are provided in module {!Char}.
|
|
*)
|
|
|
|
external int_of_char : char -> int = "%identity"
|
|
(** Return the ASCII code of the argument. *)
|
|
|
|
val char_of_int : int -> char
|
|
(** Return the character with the given ASCII code.
|
|
Raise [Invalid_argument "char_of_int"] if the argument is
|
|
outside the range 0--255. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 Unit operations} *)
|
|
|
|
external ignore : 'a -> unit = "%ignore"
|
|
(** Discard the value of its argument and return [()].
|
|
For instance, [ignore(f x)] discards the result of
|
|
the side-effecting function [f]. It is equivalent to
|
|
[f x; ()], except that the latter may generate a
|
|
compiler warning; writing [ignore(f x)] instead
|
|
avoids the warning. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 String conversion functions} *)
|
|
|
|
val string_of_bool : bool -> string
|
|
(** Return the string representation of a boolean. As the returned values
|
|
may be shared, the user should not modify them directly.
|
|
*)
|
|
|
|
val bool_of_string : string -> bool
|
|
(** Convert the given string to a boolean.
|
|
Raise [Invalid_argument "bool_of_string"] if the string is not
|
|
["true"] or ["false"]. *)
|
|
|
|
val string_of_int : int -> string
|
|
(** Return the string representation of an integer, in decimal. *)
|
|
|
|
external int_of_string : string -> int = "caml_int_of_string"
|
|
(** Convert the given string to an integer.
|
|
The string is read in decimal (by default) or in hexadecimal (if it
|
|
begins with [0x] or [0X]), octal (if it begins with [0o] or [0O]),
|
|
or binary (if it begins with [0b] or [0B]).
|
|
Raise [Failure "int_of_string"] if the given string is not
|
|
a valid representation of an integer, or if the integer represented
|
|
exceeds the range of integers representable in type [int]. *)
|
|
|
|
val string_of_float : float -> string
|
|
(** Return the string representation of a floating-point number. *)
|
|
|
|
external float_of_string : string -> float = "caml_float_of_string"
|
|
(** Convert the given string to a float. Raise [Failure "float_of_string"]
|
|
if the given string is not a valid representation of a float. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 Pair operations} *)
|
|
|
|
external fst : 'a * 'b -> 'a = "%field0"
|
|
(** Return the first component of a pair. *)
|
|
|
|
external snd : 'a * 'b -> 'b = "%field1"
|
|
(** Return the second component of a pair. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 List operations}
|
|
|
|
More list operations are provided in module {!List}.
|
|
*)
|
|
|
|
val ( @ ) : 'a list -> 'a list -> 'a list
|
|
(** List concatenation. Not tail-recursive (length of the first argument). *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 Array index operators} *)
|
|
|
|
external ( .() ) : 'a array -> int -> 'a = "%array_opt_get"
|
|
(** Parenthesis index operator for arrays.
|
|
[ a.(index) ] is desugared to [ ( .() ) a index ]. *)
|
|
|
|
external ( .() <- ) : 'a array -> int -> 'a -> unit = "%array_opt_set"
|
|
(** Parenthesis indexed assignment operator for arrays.
|
|
[ a.(index) <- val ] is desugared to [ ( .() <- ) a index val ]*)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 String index operators} *)
|
|
|
|
external ( .[] ) : string -> int -> char = "%string_opt_get"
|
|
(** Bracket index operator for strings.
|
|
[ a.[index] ] is desugared to [ (.[]) a index ]. *)
|
|
|
|
external ( .[] <- ) : bytes -> int -> char-> unit = "%string_opt_set"
|
|
(** Bracket indexed assignment operator for bytes.
|
|
[ a.[index] <- val ] is desugared to [ ( .[]<- ) a index val ]. *)
|
|
|
|
(** {6 Input/output}
|
|
Note: all input/output functions can raise [Sys_error] when the system
|
|
calls they invoke fail. *)
|
|
|
|
type in_channel
|
|
(** The type of input channel. *)
|
|
|
|
type out_channel
|
|
(** The type of output channel. *)
|
|
|
|
val stdin : in_channel
|
|
(** The standard input for the process. *)
|
|
|
|
val stdout : out_channel
|
|
(** The standard output for the process. *)
|
|
|
|
val stderr : out_channel
|
|
(** The standard error output for the process. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {7 Output functions on standard output} *)
|
|
|
|
val print_char : char -> unit
|
|
(** Print a character on standard output. *)
|
|
|
|
val print_string : string -> unit
|
|
(** Print a string on standard output. *)
|
|
|
|
val print_bytes : bytes -> unit
|
|
(** Print a byte sequence on standard output.
|
|
@since 4.02.0 *)
|
|
|
|
val print_int : int -> unit
|
|
(** Print an integer, in decimal, on standard output. *)
|
|
|
|
val print_float : float -> unit
|
|
(** Print a floating-point number, in decimal, on standard output. *)
|
|
|
|
val print_endline : string -> unit
|
|
(** Print a string, followed by a newline character, on
|
|
standard output and flush standard output. *)
|
|
|
|
val print_newline : unit -> unit
|
|
(** Print a newline character on standard output, and flush
|
|
standard output. This can be used to simulate line
|
|
buffering of standard output. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {7 Output functions on standard error} *)
|
|
|
|
val prerr_char : char -> unit
|
|
(** Print a character on standard error. *)
|
|
|
|
val prerr_string : string -> unit
|
|
(** Print a string on standard error. *)
|
|
|
|
val prerr_bytes : bytes -> unit
|
|
(** Print a byte sequence on standard error.
|
|
@since 4.02.0 *)
|
|
|
|
val prerr_int : int -> unit
|
|
(** Print an integer, in decimal, on standard error. *)
|
|
|
|
val prerr_float : float -> unit
|
|
(** Print a floating-point number, in decimal, on standard error. *)
|
|
|
|
val prerr_endline : string -> unit
|
|
(** Print a string, followed by a newline character on standard
|
|
error and flush standard error. *)
|
|
|
|
val prerr_newline : unit -> unit
|
|
(** Print a newline character on standard error, and flush
|
|
standard error. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {7 Input functions on standard input} *)
|
|
|
|
val read_line : unit -> string
|
|
(** Flush standard output, then read characters from standard input
|
|
until a newline character is encountered. Return the string of
|
|
all characters read, without the newline character at the end. *)
|
|
|
|
val read_int : unit -> int
|
|
(** Flush standard output, then read one line from standard input
|
|
and convert it to an integer. Raise [Failure "int_of_string"]
|
|
if the line read is not a valid representation of an integer. *)
|
|
|
|
val read_float : unit -> float
|
|
(** Flush standard output, then read one line from standard input
|
|
and convert it to a floating-point number.
|
|
The result is unspecified if the line read is not a valid
|
|
representation of a floating-point number. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {7 General output functions} *)
|
|
|
|
type open_flag =
|
|
Open_rdonly (** open for reading. *)
|
|
| Open_wronly (** open for writing. *)
|
|
| Open_append (** open for appending: always write at end of file. *)
|
|
| Open_creat (** create the file if it does not exist. *)
|
|
| Open_trunc (** empty the file if it already exists. *)
|
|
| Open_excl (** fail if Open_creat and the file already exists. *)
|
|
| Open_binary (** open in binary mode (no conversion). *)
|
|
| Open_text (** open in text mode (may perform conversions). *)
|
|
| Open_nonblock (** open in non-blocking mode. *)
|
|
(** Opening modes for {!Pervasives.open_out_gen} and
|
|
{!Pervasives.open_in_gen}. *)
|
|
|
|
val open_out : string -> out_channel
|
|
(** Open the named file for writing, and return a new output channel
|
|
on that file, positionned at the beginning of the file. The
|
|
file is truncated to zero length if it already exists. It
|
|
is created if it does not already exists. *)
|
|
|
|
val open_out_bin : string -> out_channel
|
|
(** Same as {!Pervasives.open_out}, but the file is opened in binary mode,
|
|
so that no translation takes place during writes. On operating
|
|
systems that do not distinguish between text mode and binary
|
|
mode, this function behaves like {!Pervasives.open_out}. *)
|
|
|
|
val open_out_gen : open_flag list -> int -> string -> out_channel
|
|
(** [open_out_gen mode perm filename] opens the named file for writing,
|
|
as described above. The extra argument [mode]
|
|
specify the opening mode. The extra argument [perm] specifies
|
|
the file permissions, in case the file must be created.
|
|
{!Pervasives.open_out} and {!Pervasives.open_out_bin} are special
|
|
cases of this function. *)
|
|
|
|
val flush : out_channel -> unit
|
|
(** Flush the buffer associated with the given output channel,
|
|
performing all pending writes on that channel.
|
|
Interactive programs must be careful about flushing standard
|
|
output and standard error at the right time. *)
|
|
|
|
val flush_all : unit -> unit
|
|
(** Flush all open output channels; ignore errors. *)
|
|
|
|
val output_char : out_channel -> char -> unit
|
|
(** Write the character on the given output channel. *)
|
|
|
|
val output_string : out_channel -> string -> unit
|
|
(** Write the string on the given output channel. *)
|
|
|
|
val output_bytes : out_channel -> bytes -> unit
|
|
(** Write the byte sequence on the given output channel.
|
|
@since 4.02.0 *)
|
|
|
|
val output : out_channel -> bytes -> int -> int -> unit
|
|
(** [output oc buf pos len] writes [len] characters from byte sequence [buf],
|
|
starting at offset [pos], to the given output channel [oc].
|
|
Raise [Invalid_argument "output"] if [pos] and [len] do not
|
|
designate a valid range of [buf]. *)
|
|
|
|
val output_substring : out_channel -> string -> int -> int -> unit
|
|
(** Same as [output] but take a string as argument instead of
|
|
a byte sequence.
|
|
@since 4.02.0 *)
|
|
|
|
val output_byte : out_channel -> int -> unit
|
|
(** Write one 8-bit integer (as the single character with that code)
|
|
on the given output channel. The given integer is taken modulo
|
|
256. *)
|
|
|
|
val output_binary_int : out_channel -> int -> unit
|
|
(** Write one integer in binary format (4 bytes, big-endian)
|
|
on the given output channel.
|
|
The given integer is taken modulo 2{^32}.
|
|
The only reliable way to read it back is through the
|
|
{!Pervasives.input_binary_int} function. The format is compatible across
|
|
all machines for a given version of OCaml. *)
|
|
|
|
val output_value : out_channel -> 'a -> unit
|
|
(** Write the representation of a structured value of any type
|
|
to a channel. Circularities and sharing inside the value
|
|
are detected and preserved. The object can be read back,
|
|
by the function {!Pervasives.input_value}. See the description of module
|
|
{!Marshal} for more information. {!Pervasives.output_value} is equivalent
|
|
to {!Marshal.to_channel} with an empty list of flags. *)
|
|
|
|
val seek_out : out_channel -> int -> unit
|
|
(** [seek_out chan pos] sets the current writing position to [pos]
|
|
for channel [chan]. This works only for regular files. On
|
|
files of other kinds (such as terminals, pipes and sockets),
|
|
the behavior is unspecified. *)
|
|
|
|
val pos_out : out_channel -> int
|
|
(** Return the current writing position for the given channel. Does
|
|
not work on channels opened with the [Open_append] flag (returns
|
|
unspecified results). *)
|
|
|
|
val out_channel_length : out_channel -> int
|
|
(** Return the size (number of characters) of the regular file
|
|
on which the given channel is opened. If the channel is opened
|
|
on a file that is not a regular file, the result is meaningless. *)
|
|
|
|
val close_out : out_channel -> unit
|
|
(** Close the given channel, flushing all buffered write operations.
|
|
Output functions raise a [Sys_error] exception when they are
|
|
applied to a closed output channel, except [close_out] and [flush],
|
|
which do nothing when applied to an already closed channel.
|
|
Note that [close_out] may raise [Sys_error] if the operating
|
|
system signals an error when flushing or closing. *)
|
|
|
|
val close_out_noerr : out_channel -> unit
|
|
(** Same as [close_out], but ignore all errors. *)
|
|
|
|
val set_binary_mode_out : out_channel -> bool -> unit
|
|
(** [set_binary_mode_out oc true] sets the channel [oc] to binary
|
|
mode: no translations take place during output.
|
|
[set_binary_mode_out oc false] sets the channel [oc] to text
|
|
mode: depending on the operating system, some translations
|
|
may take place during output. For instance, under Windows,
|
|
end-of-lines will be translated from [\n] to [\r\n].
|
|
This function has no effect under operating systems that
|
|
do not distinguish between text mode and binary mode. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {7 General input functions} *)
|
|
|
|
val open_in : string -> in_channel
|
|
(** Open the named file for reading, and return a new input channel
|
|
on that file, positionned at the beginning of the file. *)
|
|
|
|
val open_in_bin : string -> in_channel
|
|
(** Same as {!Pervasives.open_in}, but the file is opened in binary mode,
|
|
so that no translation takes place during reads. On operating
|
|
systems that do not distinguish between text mode and binary
|
|
mode, this function behaves like {!Pervasives.open_in}. *)
|
|
|
|
val open_in_gen : open_flag list -> int -> string -> in_channel
|
|
(** [open_in_gen mode perm filename] opens the named file for reading,
|
|
as described above. The extra arguments
|
|
[mode] and [perm] specify the opening mode and file permissions.
|
|
{!Pervasives.open_in} and {!Pervasives.open_in_bin} are special
|
|
cases of this function. *)
|
|
|
|
val input_char : in_channel -> char
|
|
(** Read one character from the given input channel.
|
|
Raise [End_of_file] if there are no more characters to read. *)
|
|
|
|
val input_line : in_channel -> string
|
|
(** Read characters from the given input channel, until a
|
|
newline character is encountered. Return the string of
|
|
all characters read, without the newline character at the end.
|
|
Raise [End_of_file] if the end of the file is reached
|
|
at the beginning of line. *)
|
|
|
|
val input : in_channel -> bytes -> int -> int -> int
|
|
(** [input ic buf pos len] reads up to [len] characters from
|
|
the given channel [ic], storing them in byte sequence [buf], starting at
|
|
character number [pos].
|
|
It returns the actual number of characters read, between 0 and
|
|
[len] (inclusive).
|
|
A return value of 0 means that the end of file was reached.
|
|
A return value between 0 and [len] exclusive means that
|
|
not all requested [len] characters were read, either because
|
|
no more characters were available at that time, or because
|
|
the implementation found it convenient to do a partial read;
|
|
[input] must be called again to read the remaining characters,
|
|
if desired. (See also {!Pervasives.really_input} for reading
|
|
exactly [len] characters.)
|
|
Exception [Invalid_argument "input"] is raised if [pos] and [len]
|
|
do not designate a valid range of [buf]. *)
|
|
|
|
val really_input : in_channel -> bytes -> int -> int -> unit
|
|
(** [really_input ic buf pos len] reads [len] characters from channel [ic],
|
|
storing them in byte sequence [buf], starting at character number [pos].
|
|
Raise [End_of_file] if the end of file is reached before [len]
|
|
characters have been read.
|
|
Raise [Invalid_argument "really_input"] if
|
|
[pos] and [len] do not designate a valid range of [buf]. *)
|
|
|
|
val really_input_string : in_channel -> int -> string
|
|
(** [really_input_string ic len] reads [len] characters from channel [ic]
|
|
and returns them in a new string.
|
|
Raise [End_of_file] if the end of file is reached before [len]
|
|
characters have been read.
|
|
@since 4.02.0 *)
|
|
|
|
val input_byte : in_channel -> int
|
|
(** Same as {!Pervasives.input_char}, but return the 8-bit integer representing
|
|
the character.
|
|
Raise [End_of_file] if an end of file was reached. *)
|
|
|
|
val input_binary_int : in_channel -> int
|
|
(** Read an integer encoded in binary format (4 bytes, big-endian)
|
|
from the given input channel. See {!Pervasives.output_binary_int}.
|
|
Raise [End_of_file] if an end of file was reached while reading the
|
|
integer. *)
|
|
|
|
val input_value : in_channel -> 'a
|
|
(** Read the representation of a structured value, as produced
|
|
by {!Pervasives.output_value}, and return the corresponding value.
|
|
This function is identical to {!Marshal.from_channel};
|
|
see the description of module {!Marshal} for more information,
|
|
in particular concerning the lack of type safety. *)
|
|
|
|
val seek_in : in_channel -> int -> unit
|
|
(** [seek_in chan pos] sets the current reading position to [pos]
|
|
for channel [chan]. This works only for regular files. On
|
|
files of other kinds, the behavior is unspecified. *)
|
|
|
|
val pos_in : in_channel -> int
|
|
(** Return the current reading position for the given channel. *)
|
|
|
|
val in_channel_length : in_channel -> int
|
|
(** Return the size (number of characters) of the regular file
|
|
on which the given channel is opened. If the channel is opened
|
|
on a file that is not a regular file, the result is meaningless.
|
|
The returned size does not take into account the end-of-line
|
|
translations that can be performed when reading from a channel
|
|
opened in text mode. *)
|
|
|
|
val close_in : in_channel -> unit
|
|
(** Close the given channel. Input functions raise a [Sys_error]
|
|
exception when they are applied to a closed input channel,
|
|
except [close_in], which does nothing when applied to an already
|
|
closed channel. *)
|
|
|
|
val close_in_noerr : in_channel -> unit
|
|
(** Same as [close_in], but ignore all errors. *)
|
|
|
|
val set_binary_mode_in : in_channel -> bool -> unit
|
|
(** [set_binary_mode_in ic true] sets the channel [ic] to binary
|
|
mode: no translations take place during input.
|
|
[set_binary_mode_out ic false] sets the channel [ic] to text
|
|
mode: depending on the operating system, some translations
|
|
may take place during input. For instance, under Windows,
|
|
end-of-lines will be translated from [\r\n] to [\n].
|
|
This function has no effect under operating systems that
|
|
do not distinguish between text mode and binary mode. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {7 Operations on large files} *)
|
|
|
|
module LargeFile :
|
|
sig
|
|
val seek_out : out_channel -> int64 -> unit
|
|
val pos_out : out_channel -> int64
|
|
val out_channel_length : out_channel -> int64
|
|
val seek_in : in_channel -> int64 -> unit
|
|
val pos_in : in_channel -> int64
|
|
val in_channel_length : in_channel -> int64
|
|
end
|
|
(** Operations on large files.
|
|
This sub-module provides 64-bit variants of the channel functions
|
|
that manipulate file positions and file sizes. By representing
|
|
positions and sizes by 64-bit integers (type [int64]) instead of
|
|
regular integers (type [int]), these alternate functions allow
|
|
operating on files whose sizes are greater than [max_int]. *)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 References} *)
|
|
|
|
type 'a ref = { mutable contents : 'a }
|
|
(** The type of references (mutable indirection cells) containing
|
|
a value of type ['a]. *)
|
|
|
|
external ref : 'a -> 'a ref = "%makemutable"
|
|
(** Return a fresh reference containing the given value. *)
|
|
|
|
external ( ! ) : 'a ref -> 'a = "%field0"
|
|
(** [!r] returns the current contents of reference [r].
|
|
Equivalent to [fun r -> r.contents]. *)
|
|
|
|
external ( := ) : 'a ref -> 'a -> unit = "%setfield0"
|
|
(** [r := a] stores the value of [a] in reference [r].
|
|
Equivalent to [fun r v -> r.contents <- v]. *)
|
|
|
|
external incr : int ref -> unit = "%incr"
|
|
(** Increment the integer contained in the given reference.
|
|
Equivalent to [fun r -> r := succ !r]. *)
|
|
|
|
external decr : int ref -> unit = "%decr"
|
|
(** Decrement the integer contained in the given reference.
|
|
Equivalent to [fun r -> r := pred !r]. *)
|
|
|
|
(** {6 Result type} *)
|
|
|
|
type ('a,'b) result = Ok of 'a | Error of 'b
|
|
|
|
(** {6 Operations on format strings} *)
|
|
|
|
(** Format strings are character strings with special lexical conventions
|
|
that defines the functionality of formatted input/output functions. Format
|
|
strings are used to read data with formatted input functions from module
|
|
{!Scanf} and to print data with formatted output functions from modules
|
|
{!Printf} and {!Format}.
|
|
|
|
Format strings are made of three kinds of entities:
|
|
- {e conversions specifications}, introduced by the special character ['%']
|
|
followed by one or more characters specifying what kind of argument to
|
|
read or print,
|
|
- {e formatting indications}, introduced by the special character ['@']
|
|
followed by one or more characters specifying how to read or print the
|
|
argument,
|
|
- {e plain characters} that are regular characters with usual lexical
|
|
conventions. Plain characters specify string literals to be read in the
|
|
input or printed in the output.
|
|
|
|
There is an additional lexical rule to escape the special characters ['%']
|
|
and ['@'] in format strings: if a special character follows a ['%']
|
|
character, it is treated as a plain character. In other words, ["%%"] is
|
|
considered as a plain ['%'] and ["%@"] as a plain ['@'].
|
|
|
|
For more information about conversion specifications and formatting
|
|
indications available, read the documentation of modules {!Scanf},
|
|
{!Printf} and {!Format}.
|
|
*)
|
|
|
|
(** Format strings have a general and highly polymorphic type
|
|
[('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6].
|
|
The two simplified types, [format] and [format4] below are
|
|
included for backward compatibility with earlier releases of
|
|
OCaml.
|
|
|
|
The meaning of format string type parameters is as follows:
|
|
|
|
- ['a] is the type of the parameters of the format for formatted output
|
|
functions ([printf]-style functions);
|
|
['a] is the type of the values read by the format for formatted input
|
|
functions ([scanf]-style functions).
|
|
|
|
- ['b] is the type of input source for formatted input functions and the
|
|
type of output target for formatted output functions.
|
|
For [printf]-style functions from module [Printf], ['b] is typically
|
|
[out_channel];
|
|
for [printf]-style functions from module [Format], ['b] is typically
|
|
[Format.formatter];
|
|
for [scanf]-style functions from module [Scanf], ['b] is typically
|
|
[Scanf.Scanning.in_channel].
|
|
|
|
Type argument ['b] is also the type of the first argument given to
|
|
user's defined printing functions for [%a] and [%t] conversions,
|
|
and user's defined reading functions for [%r] conversion.
|
|
|
|
- ['c] is the type of the result of the [%a] and [%t] printing
|
|
functions, and also the type of the argument transmitted to the
|
|
first argument of [kprintf]-style functions or to the
|
|
[kscanf]-style functions.
|
|
|
|
- ['d] is the type of parameters for the [scanf]-style functions.
|
|
|
|
- ['e] is the type of the receiver function for the [scanf]-style functions.
|
|
|
|
- ['f] is the final result type of a formatted input/output function
|
|
invocation: for the [printf]-style functions, it is typically [unit];
|
|
for the [scanf]-style functions, it is typically the result type of the
|
|
receiver function.
|
|
*)
|
|
|
|
type ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 =
|
|
('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) CamlinternalFormatBasics.format6
|
|
|
|
type ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd) format4 = ('a, 'b, 'c, 'c, 'c, 'd) format6
|
|
|
|
type ('a, 'b, 'c) format = ('a, 'b, 'c, 'c) format4
|
|
|
|
val string_of_format : ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 -> string
|
|
(** Converts a format string into a string. *)
|
|
|
|
external format_of_string :
|
|
('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 ->
|
|
('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 = "%identity"
|
|
(** [format_of_string s] returns a format string read from the string
|
|
literal [s].
|
|
Note: [format_of_string] can not convert a string argument that is not a
|
|
literal. If you need this functionality, use the more general
|
|
{!Scanf.format_from_string} function.
|
|
*)
|
|
|
|
val ( ^^ ) :
|
|
('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 ->
|
|
('f, 'b, 'c, 'e, 'g, 'h) format6 ->
|
|
('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'g, 'h) format6
|
|
(** [f1 ^^ f2] catenates format strings [f1] and [f2]. The result is a
|
|
format string that behaves as the concatenation of format strings [f1] and
|
|
[f2]: in case of formatted output, it accepts arguments from [f1], then
|
|
arguments from [f2]; in case of formatted input, it returns results from
|
|
[f1], then results from [f2].
|
|
*)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(** {6 Program termination} *)
|
|
|
|
val exit : int -> 'a
|
|
(** Terminate the process, returning the given status code
|
|
to the operating system: usually 0 to indicate no errors,
|
|
and a small positive integer to indicate failure.
|
|
All open output channels are flushed with [flush_all].
|
|
An implicit [exit 0] is performed each time a program
|
|
terminates normally. An implicit [exit 2] is performed if the program
|
|
terminates early because of an uncaught exception. *)
|
|
|
|
val at_exit : (unit -> unit) -> unit
|
|
(** Register the given function to be called at program
|
|
termination time. The functions registered with [at_exit]
|
|
will be called when the program executes {!Pervasives.exit},
|
|
or terminates, either normally or because of an uncaught exception.
|
|
The functions are called in 'last in, first out' order:
|
|
the function most recently added with [at_exit] is called first. *)
|
|
|
|
(**/**)
|
|
|
|
(* The following is for system use only. Do not call directly. *)
|
|
|
|
val valid_float_lexem : string -> string
|
|
|
|
val unsafe_really_input : in_channel -> bytes -> int -> int -> unit
|
|
|
|
val do_at_exit : unit -> unit
|