+
+Copyright© +2018 IFRFSX.
+Some +Right Received.
+如无特别声明，本页面和所有博客文章采用 +知识共享-署名-禁止改作 +4.0 +许可证 +发布。
+ +论自由软件的商业化潜力
+
+
+
+
论自由软件和自由硬件的商业化和发展潜力 + +
+
+
+
+
摘要: +不久前有位Linux吧的成员问我，有些不能使用红帽模式提供付费服务的软件（例如压缩软件）该如何盈利？在这篇文章我将会回答这个问题。 +由于FUD们的影响，商业模式的完全不同和其他的某些未知原因，有不少人认为这二者会让作者赚不到钱。我现在来谈谈这方面的问题。 + +
+
+
+
+
前言
+
+
+
+
+我们的软件由一串串代码组成，他们本质并非是某种工具或者商品，尽管它们可以实现工具的效果，尽管他们都是劳动成果。将实物的思考用到信息上并不合适。先来看看他们的一些本质不同：
+
+
+
+
可以几乎无成本地复制
++可以直接进行修改，不像实物的改装那样困难（或者至少容易多了，类似于修改图纸。）
++传播很容易，只要您有一台计算机和网络，那么您就可以很轻松地传给其他朋友。
+
+
+
+
+可以说，我们应该将我们身边的这些信息类成品（功能性的有软件/字体/硬件设计等等，非功能性的有音乐，电影，小说，装饰性设计等等。）当成与实物完全不同的东西。
+
+
+
+
+那么，作为控制我们生活（比如计算机运行）的一双无形的手，软件和其他功能性质的作品应当是自由的。与此同时，我们也应该找到一些方法来让作者得到应有的报酬。
+自由软件/自由硬件 +的商业模式并不是固定的
+
+
+
+
有人说，红帽模式可能是最好的。
+
+
+
+
也有人说，教别人修改等方式太理想化。
+
+
+
+
其实并不是这样，
+先让我们来看看FSF和她的创始人RMS是怎么做的吧：
+
+
+
+
{ +== https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html#TransNote1
+
+
+
+
+自由软件的哲学拒绝一类特定的广为人知的商业实践，但是它并不反对商业。当商业尊重用户的自由时，我们希望它们能够成功。
+
+
+
+
+销售Emacs的拷贝就展示了一种这样的自由软件商业模式。当FSF接手了该业务，我就需要找另一种谋生的手段。我发现我可以销售针对我开发的自由软件的技术服务。这包括教授，比如如何针对GNU +Emacs编程和如何定制GCC；还包括软件开发，多数情况是将GCC移植到新的平台。
+
+
+
+
+现如今，不少公司都在进行诸如此类的自由软件商业实践。它们有的发行自由软件CD-ROM，有的做各类技术支持，从回答用户问题到修复缺陷，以至添加新功能。我们甚至开始看到开发新自由软件产品的自由软件公司。
+
+
+
+
== +}
+
+
+
+
+可以看出，自由软件的商业模式是非常灵活的，几乎是“只有想不到，没有做不到。”，也难怪一些不了解的人还以为“专有软件才能让人赚到钱”之类的话。既然如此，我们以压缩软件为例，来形象地描述一下：
+
+
+
+
假设我制作了一个7-Zip的魔改版，它是使用 +LGPL +2.1+ 许可协议的。这时候我可以告诉客户，您想要什么功能？我可以提供付费的定制服务。之后可以 +将这些新的代码合并回主分支。
+
+
+
+
不同的客户有不同的需求，并不一定是功能性的定制 +—— +喜欢二次元的朋友也许会需要开发者给文件管理器/压缩软件添加一个动漫的背景/图标，喜欢玩大型游戏的同学可能会希望将驱动程序定制为更有利于3D游戏运行的特性，有些爱画画的朋友可能需要将绘图软件（比如GIMP，Krita等）进行功能方面的调整以适应自己的需求。每个人都有每个人的偏好，运行软件的计算机应该适应用户，而不是用户反过来适应运行软件的计算机（工具）。
+注意事项
+
+
+
+
要想成功实施，我们还需要找到合适的市场。随着未来人民生活水平逐渐提高，对计算机使用和个性化有着更高需求的人们将会需要这些服务。人们对消费服务的意识和需求越多，服务提供者的利润就越多。到那时候，如果我们想在市场上取得更好的表现，就需要加紧练习相关技术以便于提供更高质量的商业服务。
+每一个用户都是一位潜在的作者
+
+
+
+
+就如同传播和改进菜谱一样，我们每个用户都可以成为修改版的作者。更多的修改版意味着更多选择，同时也能制止垄断。
+众筹式开发
+
+
+
+
+在社区内，并不需要绝对区分“开发者”和“用户”的角色设定，由于每个人都可以为这款软件做贡献，每个人也可以通过这款软件获得利润。因此，请让我们尽可能放下那种高度集中的开发模式，尽量让更多人参与这款软件的开发（即“众筹式的开发”），既可以大大减轻软件原版作者的负担，也可以让每个用户都得到学习和锻炼编程手艺的机会，还可以避免少数人专制地控制用户。
+可能会造福更多人的修改版
+
+
+
+
+如果有人对原版软件不满意，那么他可以开个分支做修改版，让需要修改版新特性的人也可以跟随喜欢的修改版本。
+自由软件和自由硬件的关系
+
+
+
+
+众所周知，软件必须依附硬件才可以运行。如果我们没有合适的自由硬件设计，那么非自由硬件将会逐渐压缩自由软件的生存空间（现在，这正是有些主流计算机硬件上正在发生的）。那么，社区必须要有自由硬件。
+
+
+
+
+我们可以像开发自由软件那样，让所有懂得设计硬件的人或者组织来一起开发，分担开发工作。最后这些人可以各自组装好对外出售。当然，前提是未来的技术发展能使得个人能使用机器人或者3D打印机来轻易地装配硬件。
+.............关于FUDer们
+
+
+
+
+近期我见到有一部分不认同自由软件理念的人在传播专有软件的陈旧观念，来自开源阵营的一小撮人攻击自由观念，认为不符合“普世的价值观”，“中庸之道”等等。
+
+
+
+
+其实，禁止他人分享自己持有的信息本身就是在破坏人与人之间的互相帮助，禁止修改控制着自己生活的工具所做的行为更是一种专制主义！如果这都能成为“侵权”行为，那么这也有点太可笑，可笑得不值一驳。
+
+
+
+
+自由软件运动正是为了让社会更美好而生，只有社会朝着好的方向，朝着有利于人民的方向发展，才能让人类社会继续发展。我说过很多次了，斯托曼假如真的有某些人说得那么疯狂，那么他能来我们中国的大学进行演讲吗？恐怕别说多次进我国的各个大学演讲，在学校里的领导，教师和同学听到内容后，他第二次来能否被批准入境，能否还受欢迎还是个问题。而事实是——斯托曼来中国好多次了，都很顺利。大学们很欢迎他来演讲，而且这些很多都是斯托曼表达观点的演讲。
+
+
+
+
+斯托曼先生一直都在努力使社会更美好，如果他所付出，所做的一切都能被认为是反对普世价值观的话，那这个人眼中的“普世价值观”也有点太扭曲了。社会要想发展，就必然要有变化。如果人人都把中庸之道用这种错误的方法理解，那么我们的社会现在恐怕还处于半奴隶半封建社会，不再变化。
+自由软件/硬件 +和 开源软件/硬件 +的区别
+定义
+
+
+
+
+事实上，二者的标准很接近——绝大多数自由软件都符合开源的定义，大多数开源软件也符合自由软件的定义。少数开源许可证不符合自由软件的定义，也有少数自由软件许可证不被认为符合开源的定义。
+哲学思想
+
+
+
+
我们先来看看斯托曼先生对这方面问题的描述：
+
+
+
+
+https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html
+
+
+
+
+开源的基本思路是：允许用户修改和再发布软件，是为了让软件更加强大和可靠。可惜这不是个必要条件。很多专有软件的开发者技术也很强。有些时候，哪怕专有软件不尊重用户的自由，依然可以开发出强大而可靠的软件。对于这个事实，自由软件支持者和开源阵营的人对此反应就会不同。
+
+
+
+
+对于一个纯粹的开源狂热者来说—假设他没有被自由软件的理想所影响—可能会说，“你们（专有软件开发者）竟然没用我们的开发模型，还能开发出这么好的软件。这太让我感到意外了。能给我拷一份你们的软件吗？” +这样的态度会让专有软件的诡计得逞—剥夺我们的自由。
+
+
+
+
+而自由软件支持者则会说，“您的软件非常吸引人，不过我更看重我的自由。很遗憾，我不得不放弃使用您的软件。我会用其他的方法完成我的工作，并支持一个实现类似功能的自由软件项目。”你若真心珍视你的自由，我们就可以用行动去捍卫它。
+
+
+
+
+正因为如此，很多遵从开源，以及中立于开源和自由之间的F(L)OSS派的哲学思想的人们并不反对专有软件，甚至认为专有软件是“不可替代”的。但是，从长期发展看来，自由是注定要取代专制的，就像民主取代独裁，社会/共产主义必然要取代资本主义一样是不可逆转的趋势。有时候可能会发生复辟，但是总体趋势依然还是不会改变。制度的变革不能一蹴而就——说得通俗点，就是不能“一锹挖出一个井，一口吃一个个胖子”——从专有软件转到自由软件，中间加一个“开源”的过渡也好。
+总结和补充
+
+
+
+
+尽管有些眼光不够长远的人无法理解自由软件和自由硬件的先进性，但这并不能阻挡他们最终彻底取代专有的软件和硬件。顺便我来提醒一句——最好将自由软件的对立面称为“非自由软件”，“专有软件”或者“专制软件”之类的，尽量少用“私有”这个词。因为有时候，“私有”这个词可能会被认为是“私有财产”的意思。而单独为一个用户或者一家公司定制的软件也可以是自由的，如果他们拥有自由软件定义所描述的自由（尽管是在一种平凡意义上），而且因为没有发布，也不存在控制他人的问题。这时候只有这个人或者这家公司拥有这个软件，这个软件被认为是“私有财产”也没有错（如果不考虑自由软件的官方定义），因此我做出这样的称呼建议。
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
By: +IFRFSX
+ +License: +CC BY-ND 4.0
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BOKE/2.html b/BOKE/2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6d2c3f --- /dev/null +++ b/BOKE/2.html @@ -0,0 +1,1258 @@ + + + + +Copyright© +2018 IFRFSX.
+Some +Right Received.
+如无特别声明，本页面和所有博客文章采用 +知识共享-署名-禁止改作 +4.0 +许可证 +发布。
+ +
+
+
+
GNU +通用公共许可证 +第3版 +翻译。+
+翻译者：冰焰火灵X +1079092922@qq.com
+翻译出来的部分字句进行了调整。
+其中包含的译者注是一些可能必要的提醒和我对这份许可证的理解。在普通括号“（）”里面注*的是我添加的注释。
+本翻译文本采用 +知识共享 - +署名 +4.0 +国际版许可证 +进行许可。
This +is an unofficial translation of the GNU General Public License into +Chinese. It was not published by the Free Software Foundation, and +does not legally state the distribution terms for software that uses +the GNU GPL--only the original English text of the GNU GPL +http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html +does that. However, we hope that this translation will help Chinese +speakers understand the GNU GPL better.
+这是一份GNU通用公共授权的非官方中文简体翻译。它并非由自由软件基金会发布，也不是使用GNU通用公共授权的软件的法定发布条款——只有 +GNU +通用公共授权的英文原版 +http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html +具有这样的效力。然而，我们希望这份翻译能够帮助中文读者更好的理解GNU通用公共授权。
+GNU +通用公共许可证
+版本 +3, +2007年 +6月 +29日
+版权所有(C) +2007 自由软件基金会 +https://fsf.org/
+允许每个人复制和分发这个许可证文档的副本，但修改是不允许的。
+GNU +GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3, 29 June 2007
+Copyright +(C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. https://fsf.org/ +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this +license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+GNU通用公共许可证是一个自由，左版（或译为“著佐权”,Copyleft）许可证，适用于软件和其他类型的作品。
+The +GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software +and other kinds of works.
+大多数用于软件和其他实用的作品的许可证被设计为剥夺你分享和更改软件的自由。相反地，GNU通用公共许可证 +旨在 +保证你自由地共享和更改一个程序的所有的版本——以确保它对所有用户都是自由软件。我们，自由软件基金会，使用GNU通用公共许可证，对于我们的大多数软件。它(* +GNU GPL)也适用于作者以这种方法发布的任何作品（work）。你也可以把它应用到你的程序里面。
+The +licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to +take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, +the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom +to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it +remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software +Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our +software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its +authors. You can apply it to your programs, too.+
当我们讲到自由软件（Free +Software）的时候，我们指的是自由，而不是价格。我们的公共许可证被设计为确保你拥有复制和再分发自由软件副本的自由（你也可以从中收费），你能够收到，或者可以获得源代码，你可以在新的自由程序中更改软件或者使用它，而且使你知道你可以做这些事情。
+When +we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. +Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have +the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for +them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you +want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new +free programs, and that you know you can do these things.+
为了保护你的权利，我们需要阻止其他人剥夺你的权利，或者（* +也要阻止其他人）要求你放弃这些权利。因此，如果你分发软件的副本，或者修改它，你就有一些责任：尊重他人自由的责任。
+To +protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you these +rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have +certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or +if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.+
例如，如果你分发这样的一个程序的复制品，无论是无偿的还是收费的，你必须把相同的自由传递给接受者。也必须确保他们也收到或者可获得源代码。你必须给他们看这些条款，让他们知道他们的权利。
+For +example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis +or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same freedoms +that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can +get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know +their rights.+
使用GNU +GPL的开发人员用两个步骤来保护你的权利：
+(1) +声明软件的版权 +和 (2)向您提供本许可证，给你复制，分发，和/或者 +修改 的法律许可。+
Developers +that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert +copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License giving you +legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.+
对于开发者和作者的保护，GPL清楚地解释了这个自由软件没有保修。为了用户和作者的利益，GPL要求把修改过的版本标记为已经修改过了，这样他们的问题（* +例如，修改版里面有Bug）不会被错误地归咎于以前版本的作者。
+For +the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains +that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and +authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as +changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to +authors of previous versions.+
有些设备是被设计为拒绝让用户在其内部安装或者运行修改版本的软件，尽管制造商可以这样做。（* +但是，）这与保护用户更改软件的自由的目的根本不相容。这种虐待（* +性质）的系统模式发生在个人使用的产品领域中，这正是最不可以接受的地方。因此，我们设计了这个版本的GPL来禁止这些产品的实施 +。如果这类问题实际上出现在其他领域中，那么我们随时准备将这一条款延伸到GPL未来版本，为了保护用户的自由。
+Some +devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modified +versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer can +do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of protecting +users' freedom to change the software. The systematic pattern of such +abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to use, which is +precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we have designed +this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those products. +If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we stand ready +to extend this provision to those domains in future versions of the +GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.+
最后，每一个程序都不断受到软件专利的威胁。
+各国不应允许专利限制在通用计算机上开发和使用软件， +但在这种情况下，我们希望避免将专利申请到一个自由程序的特殊危险而使其成为有效的专利。为了防止这种情况（* +发生），GPL保证专利不能被用来使程序变成不自由的。
+Finally, +every program is threatened constantly by software patents. States +should not allow patents to restrict development and use of software +on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to avoid +the special danger that patents applied to a free program could make +it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that +patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.+
（* +以下是）复制，发布，修改的精准确条款和条件。
+The +precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and +modification follow.+
0. +定义
+Definitions. + ++
“本许可证”指的是GNU通用公共许可证的第3版。
+"This +License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.+
“版权”也指适用于其他种类的作品（例如半导体保护层（*Masks））的复制类型法律。
+"Copyright" +also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of works, +such as semiconductor masks.+
“本程序”指的是在本许可证下授权的任何具有版权的作品。每一个被许可方都被称呼为“你”。而“被许可方”和“接受者”可以是个人或者组织。
+"The +Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this +License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" +and "recipients" may be individuals or organizations.+
要“修改”一项作品，意味着需要以一种需要版权许可的方式复制，或改编所有的或部分的作品，而不是制作一份精确的复制品。最终的成果被称为之前的作品的"修改版"或者是"基于"早期作品的作品。
+To +"modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of +the work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the +making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified +version" of the earlier work or a work "based on" the +earlier work.+
一个“涉及的作品”（* +已包括的作品）指的是未经修改的程序，或一项基于（* +已有的）程序的作品。
+A +"covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a +work based on the Program.+
"传播"一份作品的意思是，做任何未经允许的事都会让你直接或间接地在适用的著作权法中对侵权行为负责，除非是在计算机上或修改私人副本。传播包括复制、分发(有或没有进行修改)、 +向公众开放，以及在一些国家的其他活动。
+To +"propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, +without permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for +infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a +computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, +distribution (with or without modification), making available to the +public, and in some countries other activities as well.+
“传递”（* +Convey）一个作品的意思是（* +包括）任何形式（* +在内）的传播，使得其他各方都可以制作或者接收复制品。（* +如果）仅仅通过计算机网络与用户进行交互，而不需要拷贝副本，这不是传递（* +Conveying）。
+To +"convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables +other parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user +through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not +conveying.+
（* +在）一个交互式用户界面上显示“适当的法律通知”的范围是，包括一个方便且显著的可见特征。
+(1) + 显示适当的版权公告， + +
+和
+(2) + 告诉用户，作品没有保修(除非提供保修的程度)，被许可方可以在本许可证下传送作品，以及如何查看该许可的副本。如果界面显示了用户命令或选项的列表，比如菜单，列表中的一个突出条目将满足这个标准。 + +
+An +interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices" +to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible +feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) +tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the +extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the +work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If +the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a +menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.+
1. +源代码
+作品（* +work）的“源代码”是指对作品进行修改的首选形式。“目标代码”指作品的任何不是源代码的形式。
+Source + Code ++
The +"source code" for a work means the preferred form of the +work for making modifications to it. "Object code" means +any non-source form of a work.+
“标准接口”指的是一个接口，这个接口，是由公认的标准机构定义的官方标准，或者是针对特定编程语言指定的接口 +—— 在使用这个语言的开发人员中被广泛使用的接口。
+A +"Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an +official standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the +case of interfaces specified for a particular programming language, +one that is widely used among developers working in that language.+
可执行文件的“系统库”指的是除了整体作品之外的所有东西，除了整个作品之外，（* +还可能是：）
+(a) + 以一般形式打包的一个主要的部件，但它不是这个主要部件的一部分， + +
+和
+(b) + 只适用于使用这个主要部分的作品， + +
+或
+实现一个标准接口，该接口的实现可以用源代码形式对外公布。 + +
+“主要部件” +在这种背景下,
+表示（* + 的是）可执行作品运行的特定操作系统(如果有的话)的主要基本组件(内核、窗口系统等等)， + +
+或者
+用于生成（* + 可执行文件/目标代码）作品的编译器，或者是用于运行它的 + 对象代码解释器。 +
+The +"System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, +other than the work as a whole, that+
(a) +is included in the normal form of packaging a Major Component, but +which is not part of that Major Component, and (b) serves only to +enable use of the work with that Major Component, or to implement a +Standard Interface for which an implementation is available to the +public in source code form. A "Major Component", in this +context, means a major essential component (kernel, window system, +and so on) of the specific >>operating system (if any) on which +the executable work runs, or a compiler used to produce the work, or +an object code interpreter used to run it.+
以目标代码形式（* +不是源代码的）作品的“相应源”是指产生、安装和(用于可执行的作品)运行目标代码和修改作品(包括控制这些活动的脚本)所需的所有源代码。
+但是，它不包括程序需要的系统库，通用工具或普遍可用的自由程序，这些程序在执行这些活动时未进行修改，但是这些程序不是作品的一部分。
+例如，对应的源包括用于作品的源文件相关联的接口定义文件，以及用于共享库的源代码和用于动态链接的子程序，所操作的子程序将作品按照要求专门设计，例如在这些子程序和作品的其它部分之间通过紧密的数据通信或控制流。
+The +"Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means +all the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an +>executable work) run the object code and to modify the work, +including scripts to control those activities. However, it does not +include the work's System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or +generally available free programs which >are used unmodified in +performing those activities but which are not part of the work.+
For +example, Corresponding Source includes interface definition files +associated with source files for the work, and the source code for +shared libraries and dynamically linked subprograms that the work is +specifically designed to require, such as by intimate data +communication or control flow between those subprograms and other +parts of the work.+
相应的源代码不需要包含任何用户可以自动从相应源的其他部分自动生成的内容。
+源代码形式的作品对应的源是相同的作品。
+The +Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can +regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding +Source.+
The +Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same +work.+
2. +基本的许可
+在本许可证下所授予的所有权利都是在项目的版权上授予的，并且在规定的条件下不可撤销。
+本授权明确声明您可以无限制地运行未经修改的程序。
+只有当输出(给定其内容)构成涉及到的作品时，运行涉及到的作品的输出才是被该许可所涉及到的。
+本授权承认您的正当使用权利或其他同等权利，就像版权法（* +又称“著作权法”）规定的那样。
+Basic + Permissions. ++
All +rights granted under this License are granted for the term of +copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated +conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited +permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a +covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its +content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your +rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.+
你可以制作、运行和传播你不传送的涉及的作品，只要你的许可（* +License）有效。
+你可以将封面作品传送（* +Convey）给他人，唯一的目的是让他们为你做修改，或者为你提供运行这些作品的便利，只要你遵守了本许可证的条款，你就可以传送你不具有版权控制权的所有材料。
+那些为你制作或经营封面作品的人，必须在你的指挥和控制下，以你的名义，禁止他们在你与他人的关系之外复制你拥有版权的材料。
+You +may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey, +without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains in +force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of +having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you +with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply +with the terms of this License in conveying all material for which +you do not control copyright. Those thus making or running the +covered works for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under +your direction and control, on terms that prohibit them from making +any copies of your copyrighted material outside their relationship +with you.+
在任何其他情况下，仅允许在下述条件下进行运输。不允许进行子许可; +（* +并且本授权的）第10节使它变得没有必要。
+Conveying +under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the +conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 +makes it unnecessary.+
3. +保护用户的合法权利不受反规避（反破解）法律的影响
+在1996年12月20日通过的《WIPO版权条约》第11条所规定的任何适用法律、禁止或限制此类措施的类似法律下，任何有保修的作品都不应被视为有效的技术措施的一部分。
+Protecting + Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law. ++
No +covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological +measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article +11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or +similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such +measures.+
当你传送一种被涉及的作品,放弃任何禁止规避技术的法定权利措施在一定程度上规避影响本授权下行使权利的涉及的作品,你（* +需要）否认任何 +企图限制操作或修改作品的实施，—— 针对作品（work）的用户，（* +放弃）你或第三方禁止规避技术措施的法律权利。
+When +you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid +circumvention of technological measures to the extent such +circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License +with respect to the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to +limit operation or modification of the work as a means of enforcing, +against the work's users, your or third parties' legal rights to +forbid circumvention of technological measures.+
4. +传送逐字复制
+在任何媒体中，如果你在任何媒体上明显地和恰当地发表了适当的版权通知，则你可以逐字传达程序源代码的副本; +（* +但需要遵守的条件是）保存完整的所有通知，说明该许可和与第7条所添加的任何不是（* +本）许可的条款均适用于该代码;保留所有没有任何保修的通知;并将这一许可证的副本连同项目一起交给所有接受（*副本）者。
+您可以向您传送的每份副本收取任何价格或无价格，您可以提供支持或保修保护用于收取费用。
+Conveying + Verbatim Copies. ++
You +may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you +receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and +appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; +keep intact all notices stating that this License and any +non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the +code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and +give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.+
You +may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and +you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.+
5. +传送修改过的源代码版本
+您可以传送一份基于本程序的作品，或者根据第4节的条款，以源代码的形式，在程序中传送一个作品，前提是您同时可以全部满足这些条件：
+a）这项作品必须带有明显的通知，说明你修改了它，并给出了相关日期。
+ +b）这项作品必须带有明显的通知，说明它是根据本授权发布的，以及在第7节中添加的任何条件。这一需求修改了第4部分中的需求，以“保持完整的所有通知”。
+ +c）你必须将整个作品，作为一个整体，授权给任何拥有副本的人。因此，该许可将与所有适用的第7条附加条款，适用于整个作品及其所有部分，无论它们是如何打包的。本许可证不允许以任何其他方式授权此项作品，但它不会使这种许可无效。如果你单独收到（* + 这个“其他方式授权”）。
+ +d）如果作品有交互的用户界面，每一个都必须显示适当的法律声明;但是，如果程序具有不显示适当的法律声明的交互界面，您的作品也不需要执行此操作。
+Conveying + Modified Source Versions. ++
You +may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to +produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the +terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these +conditions:+
a) +The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified it, +and giving a relevant date. b) The work must carry prominent notices +stating that it is released under this License and any conditions +added under section 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in +section 4 to “keep intact all notices”. c) You must license the +entire work, as a whole, under this License to anyone who comes into +possession of a copy. This License will therefore apply, along with +any applicable section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, +and all its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. This License +gives no permission to license the work in any other way, but it does +not invalidate such permission if you have separately received it. d) +If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display +Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive +interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your work +need not make them do so.+
一个涉及的作品与其他单独和独立的作品的编制，这些作品不属于所涉及的作品的自然延伸，并且这些作品不与之结合，例如在存储或发行介质的卷上形成较大的程序，被称为“集合(aggregate)”，如果编译及其所产生的版权不是用于限制编辑的用户的访问权或合法权利，超出了个人作品许可的范围。在集合中包含一个涉及的作品并不会导致这个许可应用到集合的其他部分。
+A +compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent +works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, +and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, +in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an +“aggregate” if the compilation and its resulting copyright are +not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's +users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered +work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the +other parts of the aggregate.+
6. +传送非源代码形式
+您可以按照第4节和第5节的条款，以目标代码的形式传送被包括的作品，前提是您还可以按照本许可的条款，以下列方式之一传送机器可读的（* +严格）对应（* +的）源代码:
+a)在物理产品(包括物理分布介质)中传递对象代码(包括物理分发介质)，并将相应的源代码固定在通常用于软件交换的耐久的物理介质上。
+ +b)在物理产品(包括物理分发介质)中传送目标代码(包括物理分发介质)，并伴随有书面要约（* + Written offer），有效期至少三年，有效期只要你为产品模型提供备件或客户支持，为拥有目标代码的任何人提供，要么
+(1)本许可所涵盖的产品中所有软件的相应来源的副本，该许可涵盖的产品的所有软件的相应来源的副本，在通常用于软件交换的持久物理介质上，不超过您物理地执行该源传输的合理费用， + 或 +
+ +(2)免费从网络服务器复制相应源的价格。 + +
+c）用一份书面要约（* + Written offer）的副本，将目标代码的个别副本传递给相应的来源。这种方法只允许偶尔并且非商业性质地（* + 进行），并且只有当您收到这样一个提到的对象代码时，才符合第6b部分。
+ +d)通过提供从指定地点(免费提供或收取费用)的访问来传送目标代码，并以相同方式通过相同的地点不需再收费的方式提供对相应源的同等访问。您无需要求接收者与目标代码一起复制相应的源（* + 代码）文件。如果复制目标代码的位置是一个网络服务器，那么对应的源可能在一个不同的服务器上(由您或目标代码旁边保持清晰的指示，说明在哪里找到相应的源代码。无论什么服务器主机拥有相应的来源，您仍有义务确保其可用，只要满足这些要求即可。
+ +e）使用点对点传输来传递目标代码，只要你通知其他的对等点，在第6d部分下，对象代码和相应的作品的源不收费地提供给普通大众。
+Conveying + Non-Source Forms. ++
You +may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of +sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable +Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these +ways:+
a) +Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product +(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the +Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium customarily +used for software interchange. b) Convey the object code in, or +embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution +medium), accompanied by a written offer, valid for at least three +years and valid for as long as you offer spare parts or customer +support for that product model, to give anyone who possesses the +object code either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all the +software in the product that is covered by this License, on a durable +physical medium customarily used for software interchange, for a +price no more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this +conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source +from a network server at no charge. c) Convey individual copies of +the object code with a copy of the written offer to provide the +Corresponding Source. This alternative is allowed only occasionally +and noncommercially, and only if you received the object code with +such an offer, in accord with subsection 6b. d) Convey the object +code by offering access from a designated place (gratis or for a +charge), and offer equivalent access to the Corresponding Source in +the same way through the same place at no further charge. You need +not require recipients to copy the Corresponding Source along with +the object code. If the place to copy the object code is a network +server, the Corresponding Source may be on a different server +(operated by you or a third party) that supports equivalent copying +facilities, provided you maintain clear directions next to the object +code saying where to find the Corresponding Source. Regardless of +what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to +ensure that it is available for as long as needed to satisfy these +requirements. e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer +transmission, provided you inform other peers where the object code +and Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the general +public at no charge under subsection 6d.+
目标代码的可分离部分(其源代码被排除在相应的源之外作为系统库)不需要被包括在传送目标代码作品中。
+A +separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded +from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be +included in conveying the object code work.+
“用户产品”是指
+(1)“消费产品”，指个人、家庭或家庭用途通常使用的任何有形个人财产，
+或
+
+
(2)任何设计或出售用于与住宅结合的任何个人财产。在确定产品是否为消费者产品时，疑难案件应予以解决，有利于承保范围。对于特定用户所接收的特定产品，“通常使用”是指一类产品的典型的或普通的使用，而与特定用户的状态或特定用户实际使用或期望或预期使用该产品的方式无关。产品是一种消费产品，无论该产品是否有大量的商业、工业或非消费者使用，除非这些用途是产品使用的唯一重要模式。 + +
+A +“User Product” is either (1) a “consumer product”, which +means any tangible personal property which is normally used for +personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or +sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a +product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in +favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular +user, “normally used” refers to a typical or common use of that +class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or +of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or +is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product +regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, +industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only +significant mode of use of the product.+
用户产品的“安装信息”是指从其相应的源代码的修改版本安装和执行该用户产品中涉及的作品的修改版本所需的任何方法、过程、授权密钥或其他信息。这些信息必须足以确保修改后的目标代码的持续功能在任何情况下都不会仅仅是因为已经进行了修改而被阻止或干扰（* +运行）。
+“Installation +Information” for a User Product means any methods, procedures, +authorization keys, or other information required to install and +execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from +a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must +suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified +object code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because +modification has been made.+
如果您根据本节中的目标代码作品在用户产品中，或与其一起使用，或专门用于用户产品，并且传输是作为交易的一部分发生的，则将用户产品的拥有权和使用权转让给 +永久或固定期限的收款人（无论交易如何表征），根据本节传达的对应源代码必须附有安装信息。 +但是，如果您或任何第三方都不保留在用户产品上安装修改后的目标代码（例如，作品已经安装在ROM）的能力，这一要求并不会生效。
+If +you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or +specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as +part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the +User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a +fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the +Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied +by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply +if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install +modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has +been installed in ROM).+
提供安装信息的要求不包括继续为被接收方修改或安装的作品提供支持服务、保证或更新，也不包括已被修改或安装的用户产品。当修改本身在实质上对网络的操作产生负面影响，或者违反网络上的通信规则和协议时，访问网络可能会被拒绝。
+相应的源文件和安装信息，与本节一致，必须以公开文档的格式（并且在源代码形式中对公众可用），并且不需要特殊的密码或密钥来进行解包、读取或复制。
+The +requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a +requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or +updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the +recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or +installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification +itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network +or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the +network.+
Corresponding +Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord +with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented +(and with an implementation available to the public in source code +form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, +reading or copying.+
7. +附加的条款
+"附加许可"是用来补充这个执照的条款的术语，从一个或多个条件中提出例外。适用于整个程序的附加许可应视为包含在本许可范围内，并在适用法律下有效。如果附加许可仅适用于程序的一部分，则可以在这些许可下单独使用该部分，但是整个程序在不考虑附加许可的情况下保持由该许可决定。
+当您传递一份涉及的作品的副本时，您可以在您的选项中删除该副本的任何附加权限，或从该副本的任何部分删除。(当您修改作品（* +可以）自己删除。)你可以在材料上加额外的许可，你可以在上面加一份涉及的作品，你可以得到或者可以提供相应的版权许可。
+尽管有本许可证的任何其他规定，但对于添加到涵盖范围内的材料，您可以(如果授权材料的版权持有者授权)补充本许可条款的条款：
+Additional + Terms. ++
“Additional +permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this License by +making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional +permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be +treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent +that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions +apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately +under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by +this License without regard to the additional permissions.+
When +you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove +any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. +(Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal +in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional +permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which +you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.+
Notwithstanding +any other provision of this License, for material you add to a +covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that +material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:+
a）对本许可证第15条和第16条的规定拒绝保修或限制赔偿责任; + 或者 + +
+ +b）要求保存特定的合理的法律通知或作者在该材料或其作品所显示的适当法律通知; + 或者 + +
+ +c)禁止歪曲材料的来源，或者要求修改版本的材料以合理的方式标记与原始版本不同; + 或者 + +
+ +)限制使用许可方（* + 例如公司）或材料作者的名称（* + 例如作者的名字）的宣传目的; + 或者 + +
+ +e)拒绝授予商标法的权利，用于使用一些商业名称，商标或服务标志; + 或者 + +
+ +f)要求任何将该材料(或其修改版本)的材料(或修改版本)向接受方承担赔偿责任的人，对这些合同假设直接强加给这些许可方和作者的任何责任，都需要向许可方和作者提供赔偿。 + +
+a) +Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms +of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or b) Requiring preservation +of specified reasonable legal notices or author attributions in that +material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works +containing it; or c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of +that material, or requiring that modified versions of such material +be marked in reasonable ways as different from the original version; +or d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors +or authors of the material; or e) Declining to grant rights under +trademark law for use of some trade names, trademarks, or service +marks; or f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of +that material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified +versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the +recipient, for any liability that these contractual assumptions +directly impose on those licensors and authors.+
其他非允许的附加条款在第10节的含义中 +被认为是"进一步限制"。如果你收到的程序，或者它的任何一部分，都包含了一张通知来声明它是由这个许可证管理的，还有一个更严格的限制，你可以移除这一项（* +限制；当然，除了第7条规定的外）。如果一份许可文件中有进一步的限制但是允许重新授权或在这一许可下进行传输，你可以在许可文件的条款中添加一份涉及的作品资料，前提是进一步的限制不能通过重新授权或传递的方式来维持。
+All +other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further +restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as +you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it +is governed by this License along with a term that is a further +restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains +a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this +License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms +of that license document, provided that the further restriction does +not survive such relicensing or conveying.+
如果您按照本节的规定向涉及的作品添加条款，则必须在相关源代码文件中放置适用于这些文件的附加条款的声明或指示在哪里找到适用条款的声明。
+附加条款，许可或不许可的，可以以单独书面许可的形式来说明，或者表述为例外; +上述要求适用于任何一种方式。
+If +you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must +place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional +terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find +the applicable terms.+
Additional +terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a +separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above +requirements apply either way.+
8. +终止
+除非本许可中明确规定，否则您不得传播或修改涉及的作品。 +任何以其他方式传播或修改它的尝试都是无效（* +不遵守本许可的，即非法）的，并且将自动终止您在本许可下的权利（包括根据第11节第3段授予的任何专利许可）。
+Termination. + ++
You +may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly +provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or +modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under +this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third +paragraph of section 11).+
但是，如果您停止一切违反本许可的行为，那么您的许可将从特定的版权所有者暂时恢复， +除非及直至
+(a)著作权人明确地终止您的许可，
+并且
+(b)永久地终止您的许可，如果版权持有人在终止后的60天内没有以某种合理的方式通知您违反该许可的情况。
+此外，如果版权持有人以某种合理的方式通知你违反了你的授权，你的许可证将会永久恢复，这是你第一次收到该版权持有者的违反本许可证的通知，并且在收到通知后的30天内，你就可以纠正这一违规行为。
+根据本节，您被终止的权利，不会终止根据本许可证收到您的副本或权利的各方的许可。
+However, +if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a +particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless +and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your +license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify +you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after +the cessation.+
Moreover, +your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated +permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by +some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received +notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that +copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after +your receipt of the notice.+
Termination +of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of +parties who have received copies or rights from you under this +License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently +reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same +material under section 10.+
9.对于获取(Having)副本，不需要接受（本许可证）
+为了接收或运行本程序的副本，您不需要接受此许可证。仅作为使用点对点传输的结果而进行的涉及的作品的辅助传播也不需要接受。但是，除了本许可证之外，没有（* +其他许可证）可以允许您传播或修改任何涉及的作品。如果您不同意此许可，则这些操作会侵犯版权。因此，通过修改或传播一个涉及的作品，您表明您接受了这个许可。
+Acceptance + Not Required for Having Copies. ++
You +are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a +copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work +occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission +to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, +nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or +modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do +not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a +covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.+
10. +下游接收方的自动许可
+每次您传递一个涉及的作品时，接收方会自动从原始许可人那里获得许可，以运行、修改和传播该作品，并接受该许可。您不负责强制执行第三方遵守本许可的规定。
+Automatic + Licensing of Downstream Recipients. ++
Each +time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives +a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate +that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for +enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.+
“实体事务”是指对组织的控制，或者实质上是一个组织的所有资产，或者是对一个组织进行细分，或者合并组织。如果涉及的作品成果从实体交易中传播，收到该作品副本的交易各方还收到该方的前任在前一段中所关注或可能给予的作品的任何许可，以及如果前任或能够以合理的努力取得该作品的相应源代码的权利。
+An +“entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an +organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an +organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered +work results from an entity transaction, each party to that +transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever +licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could +give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the +Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if +the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.+
你不得对行使本授权所授予或者确认的权利施加任何进一步的限制。例如, +你不可以要求授权费用， +版税 ， 或其他行使本许可证授予的权利的费用， +以及你可能不启动诉讼(包括扣除金额或在诉讼中反诉)， +声称侵犯任何专利的索赔，是由于制造、使用、销售、提供销售、或导入程序或任何部分。
+An +“entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an +organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an +organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered +work results from an entity transaction, each party to that +transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever +licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could +give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the +Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if +the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.**+
11. +专利
+“贡献者”是根据本程序许可或本程序所基于的作品授权使用的版权所有者。 +由此获得许可的作品被称为贡献者的“贡献者版本”。
+贡献者的“基本专利权利要求”是由贡献者拥有或控制的所有专利权利要求，不管是已经获得的还是未来获得的，将被本许可所允许的某种方式侵犯制作，使用或销售其贡献者版本，但 +不包括仅由于撰稿人版本的进一步修改而被侵权的声明。 +就此定义而言，“控制”包括以符合本许可证要求的方式授予专利分许可证的权利。
+Patents. + ++
A +“contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this +License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The +work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor +version”.+
A +contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims +owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or +hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted +by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor +version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a +consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For +purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to +grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements +of this License.+
在贡献者的基本专利声明中，每个贡献者授予您一个非排他性的、世界范围的、免版税的专利许可，用于制造、使用、销售、提供销售、导入和其他运行、修改和传播其贡献者版本的内容。
+在以下三段中，“专利许可”指的是任何明确的协议或承诺，不论其以何种名义，都不强制执行一项专利(例如，允许对专利侵权行为进行专利或不起诉的许可)。向当事人“授予”这样的专利许可，是指作出这样的协议或承诺，不强制执行一项针对该方的专利。
+Each +contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free +patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to +make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and +propagate the contents of its contributor version.+
In +the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express +agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent +(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not +to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license +to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to +enforce a patent against the party.+
如果您传送的是涉及的作品，而却故意依赖专利许可证，并且任何人均无法通过公开提供的网络服务器或其他易于访问的软件免费复制并根据本许可证的条款进行复制，意味着，你必须：
+（1）使对应的源代码是如此可用的， + 或者 +
+ +（2）为这项特殊作品的专利申请而放弃自己的利益， + 或者 +
+ +（3）以符合本许可证要求的方式安排向下游接收者发放专利许可。 + “明知地依赖”意味着您有实际的知识，但是对于专利许可，您在一个国家传达涉及的作品，或者您的接受者在一个国家使用涵盖的作品会侵犯您在该国的一项或多项可识别的专利， + 有理由相信是有效的。 +
+If +you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and +the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to +copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a +publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, +then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so +available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the +patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner +consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the +patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” +means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, +your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use +of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more +identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe +are valid.+
如果根据或结合单一交易或安排，您通过代理的工作方式传送或传播涉及的作品，并向接收被授权的作品的各方授予专利权，授权他们使用、传播、修改或传达涉及的作品的特定副本，则授予你的专利许可自动扩展至涉及的作品的所有接收者，并基于该许可进行作品。
+专利许可是“歧视性的”，如果它不包括在其涵盖范围内的话，禁止行使，或以不行使本授权下特别授予的一项或多项权利为条件。你不可以发布涉及的作品如果你是一方与第三方，在发布软件业务的安排，在你支付基于你的输送作品活动程度的第三方，在第三方授权，任何一方的人你收到的涉及的作品，歧视性的专利许可（一）与拷贝的涉及的作品通过你连接（或由这些副本复印件），或（b）主要用于与特定产品或编译包含涉及的作品联系，除非你进入了这样的安排，或专利许可证获准，2007年3月28日之前。
+本许可证中的任何内容不得被解释为排除或限制任何可适用的专利法对您的任何默示许可或其他侵权抗辩。
+If, +pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or +arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a +covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties +receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify +or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent +license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the +covered work and works based on it.+
A +patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within +the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is +conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are +specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered +work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is +in the business of distributing software, under which you make +payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of +conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of +the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a +discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the +covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or +(b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or +compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into +that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 +March 2007.+
Nothing +in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any +implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise +be available to you under applicable patent law.+
12. +不要放弃他人的自由
+如果你的条件（无论是法院命令、 +协议或其他）与本授权的条件相抵触，他们不会原谅你这个许可证的条件。如果你不能传送一份涉及的作品以同时满足你在本许可证下的义务和任何其他相关义务，那么你根本不可以传送它。例如，如果你同意条款，要求你收取一笔版税，以进一步传送你所传送的项目，你唯一能同时满足这两项条款的方法，就是完全不要传送这个程序。
+No + Surrender of Others' Freedom. ++
If +conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or +otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do +not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot +convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your +obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, +then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if +you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further +conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you +could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain +entirely from conveying the Program.+
13. +与GNU +Affero通用公共许可证一起使用
+尽管该许可有任何其他条款，您可以将任何已涉及的作品与GNU +Affero公共许可证第三版 +授权的作品连接或合并到一个单独的作品中，并传送所产生的作品。本许可证的条款将继续适用于所涵盖的部分，但GNU +Affero通用公共许可证(第13条)关于通过网络进行交互的特殊要求将适用于这种组合。
+Use + with the GNU Affero General Public License. ++
Notwithstanding +any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or +combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the +GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to +convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to +apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special +requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, +concerning interaction through a network will apply to the +combination as such.+
14. +本许可证的修订版本
+自由软件基金会可以地发布GNU通用公共许可证的修订和/或新版本。这样的新版本在精神上与现在的版本保持一致，但可能在细节上有所不同，以解决新的问题或关注点。
+每个版本都有一个不同的版本号。如果该程序指定了某个版本的GNU通用公共许可证“或任何后续版本”适用于该版本，那么您就可以选择遵循该版本，或自由软件基金会发布的任何后续版本的条款和条件。如果程序没有指定GNU通用公共许可证的版本号，您可以选择任何由自由软件基金会发布的版本。
+如果程序指定了一个代理可以决定使用GNU通用公共许可证的哪个版本，那么代理的公开声明就会永久地授权您选择该版本的程序。
+后来许可版本可能会给你额外的或不同的权限。然而，由于您选择遵循一个后续版本，任何作者或版权所有者都不会承担额外的义务。
+Revised + Versions of this License. ++
The +Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of +the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions +will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in +detail to address new problems or concerns.+
Each +version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program +specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public +License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option +of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version +or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If +the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General +Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free +Software Foundation.+
If +the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions +of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public +statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to +choose that version for the Program.+
Later +license versions may give you additional or different permissions. +However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or +copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later +version.+
15. +免责声明
+在适用法律允许的范围内，本程序不提供任何保修。 +除非另有书面说明，否则版权持有人和/或其他各方按“原样”提供本程序，不提供任何形式的明示或暗示保证，包括但不限于对适销性和特定用途的适用性的暗示保证。 +关于程序的质量和性能的全部风险由您承担。 +如果程序证明存在缺陷，您应承担所有必要的维护，修复或更正的费用。+
Disclaimer + of Warranty. ++
THERE +IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE +LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS +AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY +OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED +TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A +PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE +OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU +ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.+
16. +责任限制
+在任何情况下，除非适用法律要求或书面同意，否则任何版权所有者或任何修改和/或运行上述许可程序的其他方均不对您承担任何损失，包括任何一般的，特殊的，附带的或后果性的损失 +因使用或无法使用本程序而导致的损害（包括但不限于数据丢失，或数据执行不准确，或您或第三方所持续的损失或程序无法与任何其他程序一起使用），即使 +此类持有人或其他方已被告知此类损害的可能性。
+Limitation + of Liability. ++
IN +NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING +WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR +CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, +INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES +ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT +NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR +LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM +TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER +PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.+
17. +解释第15和16节
+如果上述保修的免责声明和责任限制不能根据其条款给予当地法律效力，则审查法院应适用当地法律，该等法律与本程序有关的绝对免除所有民事责任的情况最接近，除非保修或假设的责任随同本程序的副本一起收取。
+Interpretation + of Sections 15 and 16. ++
If +the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above +cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, +reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates +an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the +Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a +copy of the Program in return for a fee.+
END +OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS+
如何将这些条款应用于新程序？
+如果您开发了一个新程序，并且希望它能够最大限度地为公众所用，那么实现这一目标的最佳方式就是使其成为自由软件，每个人都可以在这些条款下重新分发和更改。
+为此，请将以下通知附加到程序中。 +将它们附加到每个源文件的开始部分是最安全的，以最有效地说明免除保修; +每个文件至少应该有“版权”线和一个指向完整通知的指针。
+How +to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs+
If +you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest +possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make +it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under +these terms.+
To +do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to +attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively +state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least +the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is +found.+
<给出程序名称的那一行，以及它是做什么的，简要概念>+
版权所有 +(C) +<年份> +<作者名字>+
这个程序是自由软件：你可以根据自由软件基金会发布的GNU通用公共许可证对其进行重新分发和/或者修改。+
这个程序的发布是希望它会有用，但没有任何保修，甚至没有适销性或针对特定用途的适用性的默认保证。 +有关更多详细信息，请参阅GNU通用公共许可证。+
你应该已经连同本程序收到一份GNU通用公共许可证的副本。 +如果没有，请参阅https://www.gnu.org/licenses/。+
<one +line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>+
Copyright +(C) ++
This +program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify+
it +under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by+
the +Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or+
(at +your option) any later version.+
This +program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,+
but +WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of+
MERCHANTABILITY +or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the+
GNU +General Public License for more details.+
You +should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License+
along +with this program. If not, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.+
此外，还可以添加有关电子邮件和纸质邮件 +联系方式的信息。
+如果程序进行终端交互，当它以交互模式启动时，让它输出一个这样的短通知:
+Also +add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.+
If +the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice +like this when it starts in an interactive mode:+
<程序> +版权所有(C) +<年> +<作者名字>。+
此程序完全没有保修; +详情请输入' +show w'。+
这是自由软件，欢迎你重新发布它+
在一定条件下; +键入“show +c”以获取详细信息。+
Copyright +(C) ++
This +program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type show w. +This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under +certain conditions; type “show c” for details.+
假设的命令 +“ show +w ” 和 +“ show +c ” 应该显示通用公共许可证的适当部分。当然，您的程序的命令可能不同;对于GUI界面，您可以使用 +“about +box”。
+你也应该让你的雇主(如果你是一个程序员)或者学校（如果有的话），在必要的时候签署一个“版权免责声明”。有关这方面的更多信息，以及如何应用和遵循GNU +GPL，请参阅https://www.gnu.org/licenses/。
+The
+hypothetical commands show
+w' andshow
+c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License.
+Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI
+interface, you would use an “about box”.
+You +should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or +school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, +if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and +follow the GNU GPL, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.+
GNU通用公共许可证不允许将您的程序合并到专有程序中。如果您的程序是一个子程序库，您可能认为允许将专有应用程序与库链接起来更有用。如果这是您想要做的，（* +可以）使用GNU较宽松通用公共许可证而不是这个许可证。但首先，请阅读https://www.gnu.org/licenses/wh-nonlgpl.html。
+The +GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program +into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, +you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary +applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use +the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But +first, please read https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html.+
+
+
+
+
+
+
文章名：如何使用GNU +Ring？+
+作者：冰焰火灵X + +
+文章许可：CC +BY-SA 4.0
+
+
1
+点击左边选择你的系统版本（这里以 GNU/Linux +为例，我使用的是Mint +18.3），然后右边选择你的系统版本。我的发行版基于Ubuntu +16.04。
+按照提示的方法安装。
+sudo sh -c +"echo 'deb https://dl.ring.cx/ring-nightly/ubuntu_16.04/ ring +main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ring-nightly-main.list" sudo +apt-key adv --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --recv-keys +A295D773307D25A33AE72F2F64CD5FA175348F84 sudo add-apt-repository +universe sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install ring
+如果是Windows操作系统，则可以下载对应的安装包来进行安装。
+
+
+
2
+点击上面的 创建账户 +然后，输入你的名字，设定用户名和密码，点击下一步。这样就创建完成了！
+
+
+
3
+之后还需要做一件很重要的事情哦！
+为了保证重装系统或者更换设备后仍然可以继续使用以前的帐号，你必须将帐号信息导出。这个是新版GNU +Ring 新增的一个非常重要的功能！
+
+
+
4
+点击小齿轮图标，然后进入设置，选择 “账户”！
+
+
+
5
+点击 “Export +account” 按钮，将账户保存下来。
+这样就可以了！ 如果你需要在其他设备上登陆，只需要将保存好的xxxx.gz文件拷贝上去，然后
+
+
+
2
+点击下面的 “将此设备与一个账户进行连接” 。
+
+
+
6
+点击，Or +import a file 浏览选择你的账户文件，选择好以后在下面输入密码。 +这样就可以登陆啦！
+方法很简单。 点击“账户”右边的小箭头，返回主面板。
+
+
+
7
+然后在左上角输入你想添加的人的用户名，搜索到以后点击一下，右击 +----> Add +to conversations，就把对方添加到通讯录了。 +如果要删除，在通讯录点击某个人，然后右击 ----> +Remove Add to conversation.
+The +END.
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BOKE/LB.html b/BOKE/LB.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f73c4d --- /dev/null +++ b/BOKE/LB.html @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ + + + + ++博客列表
+Copyright© +2018 IFRFSX.
+Some +Right Received.
+ + +
+
+
+
4. +GNU Ring的用法
+5. +[译] +为什么要使用GNU +AGPL？
+6. +[译] +Purism FAQ
+
+
+
+
<--返回列表
+what +makes Purism's Librem computers better than proprietary devices from +other vendors?+
原文地址：https://puri.sm/learn/why-purism-computers-are-better-than-proprietary-devices-from-other-vendors/+
+原作者：Purism +Team.
+翻译作者：冰焰火灵X + +
+文章许可：CC +BY-SA 4.0
+括号内的带有"#"的内容是补充或者说明。
典型的计算机使用的硬件芯片和软件可以背叛你（包括未经你的同意就跟踪你）。
+新闻报道表明，这些芯片如何秘密地传输语音，联网，图片或者视频信号。其他芯片用于安装间谍软件，恶意软件或者病毒。这些内置的漏洞可以把“你的”电脑变成“他们的”电脑。
Typical +computers use hardware chips coupled with software that can betray +you (including tracking you without your consent). News stories have +shown how these chips can surreptitiously transmit voice, networking, +picture or video signals. Other chips are used to install spyware, +malware or viruses. These built-in vulnerabilities can turn “your” +computer into “their” computer.+
只有在我们的Librem笔记本电脑里选择的每一个芯片才能保证你的隐私，安全与自由受到保护。
+Only +by selecting each and every chip in our Librem laptops can we +guarantee your privacy, security and freedom are protected.+
如果我们将我们的笔记本电脑与苹果的MacBook，谷歌的Chromebook，或几乎任何的OEM电脑进行比较，我们的设备有许多优点，使它们成为更好的长期投资（#选择）：
+If +we compare our laptops to Apple’s Macbook, Google’s Chromebook, +or pretty much any mainstream OEM computer, our devices have many +strong points making them a better long-term investment:+
预装完全自由（Free/Libre）和开源的PureOS（#操作系统），（#并且可以）运行任何你选择的GNU/Linux操作系统。
+ +物理的硬件杀灭（#kill）开关。
+ +对Coreboot的支持，以及带有TPM的用户控制的启动引导（#boot）程序。
+ +一个被中和的，禁用的英特尔管理引擎，避免了Intel的主动管理技术。
+ +不需要用户注册（尝试在没有谷歌账户（#的情况下）使用谷歌设备，或者在没有苹果账户（#的情况下）使用飘过设备！）。
+ +用普通的螺丝固定的铝制螺丝，而不是用来禁锢你（#screw + you）或者防止用户维修，修理或者试验。
+ +预装保护隐私的软件和PureOS，终身的软件功能和安全更新。
+ +没有臃肿的软件（#bloatware），间谍软件，试用软件——或者任何的转悠软件——与电脑捆绑在一起。
+ +没有企业的后门，保证不存在这种可能性。
+ +用户可以升级，没有废弃计划。
+ +用户拥有（#设备和软件），而不是租用（看看苹果起诉FBI：这是关于控制的）。
+ +不依赖互联网连接，——数以万计的，设计用于离线工作的自由软件应用程序，数据存储在本地系统中，而不是“在云中”。
+ +没有特有的臃肿（#no + endemic bloat）——只有一个精简高效的操作系统，以及一套经过精心设计的本地应用程序，它们能年复一年地保持最高的性能。
+ +没有强制的软件更新。
+ +Fully + Free/libre and open source with PureOS preloaded, and can run any + recent GNU+Linux operating system of your choosing.
+ +Physical + hardware kill switches
+ +Support + for coreboot and a user-controlled verified boot process with TPM
+ +A + neutralized and disabled Intel Management Engine, and avoidance of + Intel’s Active Management Technology
+ +No + user registration required (try using a Google device without a + Google account, or an Apple device without an Apple account!)
+ +Solid + aluminum with regular screws—not screws designed to screw you and + prevent user servicing, repairs or experimentation
+ +Privacy + protection software preloaded by default with PureOS, and lifetime + software feature and security updates
+ +No + bloatware (unwanted preinstalled software), spyware, trialware—or + any proprietary software, for that matter—bundled with the + computer
+ +No + corporate backdoors, with a guarantee against that possibility
+ +User + upgradeable, no planned obsolescence
+ +Not + dependent on an Internet connection—thousands of Free Software + applications designed to work offline, with data stored locally on + your system instead of “in the cloud”
+ +No + endemic bloat—just a lean, efficient operating system and set of + well-engineered native applications that keep running at top + performance, year after year.
+ +No + forced software updates
+Trusting +the hardware requires trusting the software that controls it.+
对于专有系统，你不知道什么东西被发送给谁。这是一个真实而且实际的威胁（根据上文所引述的文章）。
+With +proprietary systems, you +do not know what is being sent to whom. +There +is a real and tangible threat of your own devices being used to spy +on you (as per the articles cited in the introduction above).+
让我们来看一个例子：无线网卡。所有从笔记本电脑到外界的数据都要经过你的无线网卡。您可以查看一个专有的无线卡以确保它不会将所有数据发送给它的制造商吗？ +不，它如何运作是一个商业机密。你的Librem设备的无线卡和其他组件都是按照Librem开放的理念设计的，让你完全控制你的数据。
+Let’s +look at just one example: wireless cards. All data that goes from +your laptop to the outside world passes through your wireless card. +Can you look into a proprietary wireless card to make sure it’s not +sending all that data to its manufacturer? Nope—how +it works is a trade secret. +The +wireless card—and every other component—of your Librem device is +designed in accordance with the Librem open philosophy of keeping +you in absolute control of your data.+
而且，你不必为它去接受我们讲的话（#to +take our +word）：由于我们在内核里面使用自由软件驱动程序，源代码可以在其中被验证，我们的声明是开放给全球“开源”社区检查的。欢迎你到厨房去看看你的食物是怎么做的。
+And +you don’t have to take our word for it: because we use free +software drivers in the kernel, where +the source code can be verified, +our claims are open to inspection by the global “open-source” +community. You are welcome to look in the kitchen and see how your +food is made.+
您的Librem笔记本电脑配备了软件，该软件的设计目的是保护您的本地数据，在线使用，以及其他的一切。当你打开你的Librem的时候，你将会被像密码一样被尽可能地保护起来。
+Your +Librem laptop comes pre-loaded with software that is designed to +protect your local data, online usage, and everything in between. The +moment you turn on your Librem, you will be as protected as +cryptographically possible.+
Librem的设备代表着从根本上改变计算机行业的一个实质性的步骤。我们相信保护你的权利，并将继续为这些权利而战。
+The +Librem line of devices represents a concrete step toward +fundamentally changing the computer industry. We believe in +protecting your rights, and will continue to fight on behalf of those +rights. You are in control of your data and your device. Nobody else.+
Librem系列的设备代表着从根本上改变计算机行业的坚实的一步。我们相信保护你的权利，并将继续为这些权利而战。你控制了你的数据和你的设备。没有其他人。
+The +Librem line of devices represents a concrete step toward +fundamentally +changing the computer industry. +We +believe in protecting your rights, and will continue to fight on +behalf of those rights. You +are in control of your data and your device. +Nobody +else.+
你喜欢（#Like）在这里阅读吗？你可能也喜欢：
+关于我们的竞争对手 + +
+ +消除企业的控制和数据的资本主义 + +
+ +许多其他文章在我们的“Why_Purism”一节。 + +
+Like +what you read here? You might also like:+
About + our competitors +
+ +Eliminating + Corporate Control and Data Capitalism +
+ +The + many other articles in our “Why_Purism” + section. +
+原文：https://puri.sm/faq/ + +
+原作者：Purism + Team +
+翻译者：冰焰火灵X + + +
+文章许可：CC + BY-SA 4.0 +
+注：带#的是补充解释。 + +
+寻找常见问题的答案:
+>Find
+answers to Frequently Asked Questions:
(About Purism)
+你们招人吗?
+简短的回答:是的。参见https://puri.sm/jobs/
更长的回答:Purism正在招聘大量的职位，甚至比我们的就业部分列出的还要多。如果你对所列的职位感兴趣，或者有对于你想在我们组织中创建的职位的想法，请发送电子邮件到hr +at puri dot sm
+带着以下（#内容）:
+您擅长什么，或者想帮助我们做什么。 + +
+您是怎样擅长这个的，或者你想怎么帮我们。 + +
+你为什么想参与Purism? + +
+我们提供各种形式的补偿和角色，包括志愿者、兼职、付费或保证金分成。请列出你需要的补偿形式，并愿意接受。
+Are you +hiring?
+Short answer: +Yes. See https://puri.sm/jobs/
+Longer answer: +Purism is hiring for a great number of positions, even more than are +listed in our jobs section. If you are interested in any of the +listed positions, or have an idea of a position you’d like to +create within our organization, please send an email to hr@puri.sm +with the following:
+What + you’re good at, or what you would like to help us with. +
+How + you got good at it, or how you’d like to help us. +
+Why would + you like to be involved with Purism? +
+We offer +various forms of compensation and roles, from volunteer, part-time, +paid, or margin share. Please list what forms of compensation you +require and are amenable to.
+我可以用现金买我的Librem吗？
+不幸的是，不行。如果你担心隐私，你可以用比特币支付。
+Can I buy my +Librem with cash?
+Unfortunately, +no. If you are worried about privacy, you can pay with bitcoin.
+你们接受比特币吗?
+是的,我们接受比特币付款选项。
+Do you take +Bitcoin?
+Yes, we take +bitcoin as a payment option.
+我如何提供帮助?
+您可以通过购买Librem设备来提供帮助，并从更安全的计算体验中获益。
+你也可以帮助我们完成我们目前正在做的项目，因为我们有时会捉襟见肘。
+最后，最简单的方法是在我们的社区论坛上帮助回答问题，与其他考虑Purism产品的人交流，传播关于Purism的消息，愿意写bug报告或用户体验，或者为我们的项目贡献时间和/或金钱。
+另一个项目是写一篇关于你在切换到Librem或GNU/Linux的经验的博客文章。
+向james发送一封电子邮件。rufer(at)puri.sm +有关问题、附加信息或您愿意参与。
+How can I +contribute?
+You can help +by purchasing a Librem device and benefit from a more secure +computing experience. You could also help us out with projects that +we are currently working on as we are sometimes stretched thin. +Finally, the easiest way would be to help answer questions in our +community forums, engage with others that are considering Purism +products, spreading the word about Purism, be willing to write in +with bug reports or user experiences or donating time and/or money +for our project. Another item would be to write a blog post about +your experiences in switching to a Librem or to GNU/Linux in general. +Send an email to james.rufer(at)puri.sm for questions, additional +information or your willingness to be involved.
+一家新兴公司如何生产主板？
+通过业务谈判，我们为所有的工具授权参考设计和预付费用，这样我们就可以做少量的生产，尽管每单位价格更高。它不便宜，但它是可能的！Purism的创始人 +Todd - +Weaver 已经建立了十多年的这种关系。
+How Does an +Emerging Company Manufacture a Motherboard?
+Through +business negotiations we license reference designs and prepay for all +the tooling, so that we can do small quantity fabrication, albeit at +a higher per-unit price. It is not inexpensive, but it is possible! +Purism’s founder, Todd Weaver, has built up these relationships for +over a decade.
+Purism是非盈利的还是公司?
+Purism是一个社会目标公司！
+Is Purism a +non-profit or corporation?
+Purism is a +Social Purpose Corporation!
+Purism 建立在哪里?
+简短的回答：美国加利福尼亚州，旧金山南部。
+更长的答案:全世界。Purism的零部件来自中国大陆、台湾、日本和美国。Purism +构建，组装，质量控制测试，和交付我们全部的硬件，来自我们旧金山南部的设施。Purism +有着来自世界各地的员工，承包商和志愿者。
+Where is +Purism based?
+Short answer: +South San Francisco, CA USA
+Longer answer: +Worldwide. Purism sources component parts from China, Taiwan, Japan, +and the United States. Purism builds, assembles, quality control +tests, and delivers all our hardware from our South San Francisco +facility, USA. Purism has employees, contractors, and volunteers from +around the world.
+For Beginners
+是否有关于PureOS/Linux的教程视频或附加信息？
+通常，当我们想到一个操作系统时，我们会考虑它的外观和感觉。这被称为用户界面或用户体验。PureOS +3 使用被称为Gnome +3 的图形用户界面 +(GUI，有时也被称为“桌面环境”)。
+关于这个用户界面的信息可以在这里找到：
+https://www.gnome.org/gnome-3/ + +
+https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JU2f_jkPRq4 + +
+Are there any +tutorial videos or additional information on PureOS/Linux?
+Often times +when we think of an operating system we think of how it looks and +feels. This is called the user interface or user experience. PureOS 3 +uses a Graphical User Interface (GUI, also sometimes called “Desktop +Environment”) called Gnome 3. Information on this user interface +can be found here:
+https://www.gnome.org/gnome-3/
+https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JU2f_jkPRq4
+我能像在其他电脑和设备上一样浏览互联网吗？
+当然!我们预先安装了两个不同的互联网浏览器，让您可以自由地浏览网页和访问您想要的网站。
+Purism +的 +“PureBrowser” +是基于数百万人所熟知和喜爱的“Mozilla技术”1。所有的同步功能都在盒子里，而且是预先安装了一些最好的安全，隐私以及社区提供的安全扩展。
+您还可以安装和使用Tor。如果你不熟悉Tor，Tor会以一种加密的方式将你的互联网流量从服务器发送到服务器，这样你就可以在网络上真正保持匿名状态。
+如果您认为合适，也可以安装其他常见的浏览器，但是没有我们的浏览器提供的隐私、安全和安全保护。我们认为您会喜欢这些浏览器以及它们提供的优于其他选项的舒适。
+我们给你工具，让你可以很容易地浏览你认为合适的东西。
+Can I browse +the internet in the same way as on other computers and devices?
+Sure! We +pre-install two different Internet browsers, to allow you the freedom +to surf the web and go to the sites you want.
+Purism-designed “PureBrowser” is based upon best of breed “Mozilla technologies”* that millions know and love. All syncing features work out of the box and it is pre-installed with some of the best safety, privacy and security extensions that the community has to offer.+You can also install and use Tor. If you аre unfamiliar with Tor, Tor bounces your internet traffic around the world from server to server in an encrypted fashion so that you can truly remain anonymous while being online.
+Other common +browsers are available for you to install as well if you see fit but +without the privacy, security and safety protections our browsers +provide. We think that you will like these browsers and the comfort +they provide over the other options.
+We give you +the tools and we make it easy for you to browse as you see fit.
+*: Mozilla’s +wording, not ours…
+我还可以用Librem打印图片和文档吗?
+为了让你的打印机发挥作用，我们将所有可用的驱动程序包含进来。请通过与打印机制造商进行检查，确保其性能。
+Can I still +print pictures and documents with a Librem?
+We include all +available drivers in order for your printer to function. Please +ensure capability by checking with your printer manufacturer.
+我可以看Netflix、Hulu、YouTube和Amazon +Prime吗?
+Netflix、Hulu和Amazon +Prime都通过限制DRM技术发布内容，而 +Purism +本身不支持，通过 +PureBrowser +或Chromium。但是，如果你选择，还有其他浏览器可以自由安装。
+Youtube支持HTML5，无需额外输入即可播放。
+Can I watch +Netflix, Hulu, YouTube and Amazon Prime?
+Netflix, Hulu, +and Amazon Prime distribute content with restrictive DRM technologies +that Purism does not support natively through PureBrowser or +Chromium. However, there are other browsers that you are free to +install if you choose to.
+Youtube +supports HTML5 and will play without additional input.
+你能用浅显的英语向我解释为什么我应该关心我电脑上的安全和隐私问题吗？
+同样的原因，你担心那些不受欢迎的人进入你的房子，偷窥你的窗户，或者在你家里安装摄像头。这些相同的物理直接适用于数字版权的权利。您不应让不希望出现的人员接触到您的数字文件、照片、电子邮件、网站历史记录或您的相机或麦克风。你的家是你的私人生活，你的数字生活应该享有同样的权利和保护。
+Can you +explain to me in plain English why I should be concerned about +security and privacy issues on my computer?
+The same +reasons you are concerned over unwanted people entering your +property, peeping through your windows, or installing cameras in your +house. These same physical rights apply directly to digital rights. +You should not want unwanted people having access to your digital +files, your photos, emails, website history, or your camera or +microphone. Your home is your private life, your digital life should +have the same rights and protections.
+我是否需要特殊的专有硬件、软件或电缆来使用Librem？
+不！我们讨厌那些专有的东西！ +你的Librem将会用工业标准，比如HDMI，USB，硬件，市场零件，所有的软件都是自由的，自由的。RAM，硬盘或固态硬盘，电池和电源供应都是“现成的”，可以在网上和大盒子店购买。
+Do I need +special proprietary hardware, software or cables to use a Librem?
+No! We hate +those proprietary things! Your Librem will work with industry +standards such as HDMI, USB, hardware after market parts and all +software is free and libre. RAM, hard drives or solid state drives, +batteries and power supplies are all “off the shelf” and +available for purchase from online and big box stores.
+我还需要杀毒软件吗？
+PureOS基于Linux内核中最私密、最安全的基础，这在很大程度上消除了对Windows和OSX的反病毒和恶意软件保护的需要。除了常规的安全更新之外，应用程序还会检查安全性漏洞和后门，然后使用沙箱来进一步保护您的文件不受攻击。这些服务不需要用户输入，只需要简单地工作。只需一次单击，就可以立即更新所有内容。此外，我们还将对GRsecurity进行评估，作为对某一内核级威胁的积极防御。
+Do I still +need antivirus software?
+PureOS is +based upon the most private and secure foundation in computing, the +Linux kernel, that largely eliminates the need for antivirus and +malware protection that plague Windows and OSX. In addition to +regular security updates, applications are reviewed for security +exploits and backdoors, then sandboxed to further protect your files +from attack. These services require no user input and just work and +work simply. Everything gets updated at once with one simple click. +We are additionally evaluating GRsecurity as a proactive defense +against some kernel level threats.
+你们有应用商店吗?
+是的! +我们拥有一个名为“软件”的应用程序仓库，其中许多不同的应用程序可为您提供更多的游戏、生产力、视频、图形和办公的选择。
+Do you have an +app store?
+Yes! We have +an app store called “Software” where many different applications +are available giving you many additional gaming, productivity, video, +graphics, and office choices.
+Librem是否预装了Flash、Silverlight、Java和其他插件?
+不，它没有，因为这些都是主要的安全问题。由于这些安全问题，大多数网站都在转向HTML5。但是，您可以安装一个支持这个专有软件的操作系统，但是要记住这是一个糟糕的安全实践。
+Does a Librem +have Flash, Silverlight, Java and other plug-ins preinstalled?
+No, it does +not, as these are major security issues. Most websites are switching +to HTML5 due to these security issues. However, you can install an OS +which supports this proprietary software, but have in mind that this +is a bad security practice.
+我如何听音乐、看视频或看我的照片？
+PureOS预装了一些应用程序，让你可以查看和编辑图片和视频，播放你的音乐。
+How do I +listen to music, watch videos or view my pictures?
+PureOS comes +pre-installed with applications that allow you to view and edit +pictures & video and play your music.
+如果我有问题，我该如何与一个真实的人交谈？
+你可以给我们写封电子邮件。sm或在我们的论坛发帖。
+我们都知道，在Freenode上的IRC聊天室悬挂的#purism
+How do I talk +to a real person if I have a problem?
+You can write +us an email at support(at)puri.sm or post in our forums.
+We are known +to hang around the #purism IRC channel on Freenode.
+我的Windows +/ Mac电脑里还有最喜欢的程序。我还能使用它们吗？
+是也不是。没有Windows的应用程序会在PureOS上运行。但是，一些Windows应用程序可以使用名为Wine的应用程序运行。请访问www.winehq.org查看您的程序的可用性。为苹果产品设计的应用程序不能在基于GNU/Linux的机器上运行，比如Librem。
+此外，您还可以在我们的虚拟盒应用程序盒中运行Windows或苹果操作系统，这将允许您运行所需的应用程序。
+还请注意，基于Windows的程序作为非自由源/专有代码运行，如果您选择安装，则 +Purism +不能保证您的Librem将继续安全。我们不建议这样做，为了您自己的隐私和安全，不过，欢迎您的到来，因为Librem是您的机器。
+I still have +favorite programs from my Windows/Mac computer. Can I still use them?
+Yes and no. No +Windows applications will run natively on PureOS. However, some +Windows applications can be run with an application called Wine. +Please go to www.winehq.org to check on the availability of your +program. Applications designed for Apple products can not run on a +GNU/Linux based machine such as a Librem.
+Additionally, +you can also run Windows or Apple operating systems within our +virtual box application, Boxes, which would allow you to run the +applications that you need.
+Please also +note that Windows based programs run as non-free source/proprietary +code and Purism can not offer a guarantee that your Librem will +continue to be secure if you choose to install. We do not recommend +doing this for your own privacy and security but you are welcome to +as the Librem is your machine.
+我习惯使用安卓手机和Windows桌面。这种计算机的工作是否与我所使用过的一样?
+所有操作系统在比较时都有不同之处，例如，像Android这样的移动操作系统和像Windows这样以计算机为中心的操作系统。苹果与Windows也有不同之处。然而，每个操作系统都允许你做相同或相似的事情——它可能只是一个不同的按钮来按或图标去点击。
+Web浏览器、应用程序和文件管理器将以您在其他设备上使用的方式在PureOS +/ Librem中工作。它们看起来可能和你习惯的有点不同，但它们会把你带到同一个地方。
+I’m used to +using an Android phone and a Windows desktop. Will this computer work +the same as what I’m used to?
+All operating +systems have their differences when comparing, for instance, a mobile +operating system like Android to a computer focused one like Windows. +Apple has differences from Windows as well. However, each operating +system allows you to do the same or similar things – it may just be +a different button to push or icon to click.
+Web browsers, +applications and file managers will all work in PureOS/Librem in ways +that you are used to on other devices. They may look a little +different than what you’re used to, but they will get you to the +same place.
+我听说我必须输入复杂的命令在一个叫终端的东西上使用Linux。
+你不需要。在Windows、Apple和谷歌机器上也有一个“终端”，但与这些操作系统一样，复杂的命令行也在逐渐消失，取而代之的是图形用户界面(GUI)。PureOS确实有一个终端，就像所有的Linux发行版一样，但是在许多情况下，对于新用户来说，它是不需要的。
+I’ve heard +that I have to type in complicated commands to use Linux in something +called a terminal.
+You don’t +have to. There is also a “terminal” in Windows, Apple and Google +machines as well but like those operating systems, complicated +command lines are going away in favor of graphic user interface (GUI) +focus. PureOS does have a terminal just like all Linux distributions +but it is not needed in many situations for newer users.
+GNU/Linux不只是为黑客、程序员和开发人员准备的吗?我必须是计算机专家才能使用PureOS或Librem吗？
+不，一点也不。实际上，有很多人使用GNU/Linux来为各种操作系统(不仅仅是Linux)编写和开发应用程序，但是GNU/Linux很容易被各种级别的计算技术人员使用。
+PureOS被设计为用户友好，它使用了最流行的桌面环境之一，被称为Gnome +3。Gnome +3在触摸和传统的鼠标和键盘的用户输入中工作得很好，便于使用。Librem具有众所周知的传统端口，并且如果需要更换一些需要更换的部件，就可以轻松地进行更换。
+Isn’t +GNU/Linux just for hackers, programmers and developers? Do I have to +be a computer expert to use PureOS or a Librem?
+No, not at +all. There are many people that do in fact use GNU/Linux to program +and develop applications for various operating systems (not just for +Linux) but GNU/Linux is easily used by many people of all levels of +computing skill.
+PureOS is +designed to be user friendly by utilizing one of the most popular +desktop environments available called Gnome 3. Gnome 3 works well +with both touch and traditional mouse and keyboard user inputs to +allow for easy use. The Librem has well known traditional ports and +utilizes off the shelf parts for easy replacement if something needs +replaced.
+什么是 FLOSS？
+FLOSS是自由开放源代码软件的缩写，它的源代码对公众开放，允许修改、改进或用户想做的任何其他事情。它给予你自由。
+What is FLOSS?
+FLOSS stands +for Free/Libre Open Source Software and is software with its source +code available to the public and allowed to be modified, improved or +whatever else users feel like doing do it. It grants you freedom.
+什么是 GNU +/ Linux ?
+一个 “Linux” +操作系统，正确地描述为GNU/Linux，是一个基于Linux内核的操作系统。Linux内核是由Linus +Torvalds创建的，最初是为了他在大学期间使用。它被用于GNU操作系统。由Richard +Stallman创建的GNU是除去内核之外的整个操作系统。所以，当人们说 +“Linux操作系统” +时，他们应该说“GNU/Linux操作系统”，甚至是“GNU +操作系统”。
+托瓦兹和斯托尔曼都免费向世界发布了他们的软件。
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds + +
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman + +
+What is +GNU/Linux?
+A “Linux” +operating system, properly described as GNU/Linux, is an operating +system based upon the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel was created by +Linus Torvalds initially for his own use during his years in college. +It was used with the GNU operating system. GNU, created by Richard +Stallman, is the entire operating system, minus the kernel. So, when +people say “Linux operating system” they should be saying +“GNU/Linux operating system”, or even a “GNU operating system”.
+Both Torvalds +and Stallman released their software to the world for free.
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds + +
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman + +
+Free 和 +Libre +之间的区别是什么?
+英语语言更经常使用“Free”一词来描述一些令免费的东西，而FLOSS中的所有软件都是免费的，而不是强制性地这样做。FLOSS +的重要部分是，您可以自由检查、 +学习、 修改它以满足您的需要，而不受版权许可的任何限制——这将禁止您按照自己的意愿使用它。
+通常说“free +as in freedom”。
+What is the +difference between free and libre?
+English +language more often uses word “free” to describe something that +is gratis – while it is true that all the software in FLOSS is +gratis, it is not mandatory to be like that. The important part of +FLOSS is that is has the liberty to be examined, learn about it, +modify it to your needs without any restriction of copyright license +which forbids you to use it as you want.
+Often said it +is “free as in freedom”.
+Librem 和 +PureOS +会让我和我的家人在网上安全吗?
+是的。结合使用Linux内核作为操作系统的基础，以及各种增强功能，如GR安全系统、 +PureBrowser内的隐私专用插件和硬件杀灭开关，您作为用户在线时可以获得很多安全和安保。
+Will the +Librem and PureOS keep me and my family safe online?
+Yes. Combined +with utilizing the Linux kernel as the base of the operating system +along with various enhancements such as GR Security, privacy focused +add-ons within PureBrowser and the hardware kill switches give you as +the user a lot of safety and security while online.
+(Librem +Devices)
+它们在商店或网上有售吗？
+在我们的网上商店可以买到Librems。将产品带入大箱子商店是 +Purism +在路线图上的一件事。
+Are they +available in stores or online?
+Librems are +available on our online store. Getting the product into big box +stores is something that is on the Purism road map.
+我能在我的Librem笔记本上安装不同的操作系统吗?
+当我们在预加载PureOS时，除了 +Parabola、 +Trisquel +和其他几个版本之外，PureOS是GNU/Linux发行版中最严格的——我们从Linux内核中删除所有二进制文件——您可以轻松地安装任何不那么严格的最新 +GNU/Linux +发行版，比如 +Fedora、 +Debian 和 +Ubuntu。你甚至可以把它们和PureOS一起安装，然后简单的从屏幕上选择运行的操作系统。
+我们还没有尝试过安装一个基于非GNU +/Linux的操作系统，但是Librem是您的计算机，所以您可以随意使用它，即使这包括安装非自由的Windows或其他操作系统。我们显然不推荐这样做，但这是你的电脑，你可以用它来做你想做的事。
+Can I install +a different OS on my Librem laptop?
+While we are +preloading PureOS which, alongside Parabola, Trisquel and few others, +is the strictest of GNU/Linux distributions—we strip all binary +blobs from the Linux kernel—you can easily install any less strict +up-to-date GNU/Linux distribution, such as Fedora, Debian and Ubuntu. +You can even install them alongside PureOS, and simply choose what OS +to run from the boot screen.
+We have not +tried installing a non-GNU/Linux-based operating system, but the +Librem is your computer, so you can do with it whatever you wish, +even if that includes installing non-free Windows or other operating +systems. We obviously don’t recommend this, but it is your computer +to do what you wish with it.
+你能添加升级吗?
+是的，我们会定制你的Librem。您也可以旋开背面并添加自己的升级。
+Can you add +upgrades?
+Yes, we will +customize your Librem to order. You can also unscrew the back and add +your own upgrades.
+Librem设备使用Non-ECC +RAM或ECC内存吗?
+非ECC。因为ECC +RAM除了选择支持ECC的CPU之外，还需要修改主板。
+Do Librem +devices use non-ECC RAM or ECC RAM?
+Non-ECC. +Because ECC RAM takes modifying the motherboard in addition to +selecting a CPU that supports ECC.
+你是自己做的，还是来自第三方的?
+他们是为我们定制的。
+Do you make +the case yourself, or are they from a third party?
+They were +custom fabricated for us.
+你们在全球范围内发货吗?
+简短回答:是的。
+更长的回答：我们可以在任何地方运送货物，并提供免费的国际航运，但客户负责海关清关/关税和地方税。国际货运可能会受到海关的处理和附加费的影响，海关政策因国家而异，所以你应该联系当地的海关办事处获取更多信息。当需要办理清关手续时，可能会延误到港时间。如果您通常可以从美国订购产品并将其运给您，那么您可以以同样的方式从 +Purism 订购。
+Do you ship +worldwide?
+Short answer: +Yes.
+Longer answer: +We can ship pretty much anywhere, and offer free international +shipping, but the customer is responsible for customs +clearing/duties, and local taxation. International shipments may be +subject to customs processing and additional charges, customs +policies vary from country to country, therefore you should contact +your local customs office for more information. When customs +clearance procedures are required, it can cause delays in arrival. If +you can normally order product from the U.S. and have it shipped to +you, then you can order from Purism in the same manner.
+你们的电脑上有磁盘加密软件吗?如果没有，那么磁盘加密的最佳选择是什么呢？
+在安装过程中，我们提供了加密主目录的选项。全磁盘加密(与任何基于GNU/Linux的系统一样)需要在安装期间进行加密。如果你想要主目录加密，我们帮你搞定。如果你想要全磁盘加密，你可以从USB接口安装操作系统。
+Do your +computers come with disk encrypting software? If not, what are the +best options for disk encryption?
+We ship with +the option, during setup, to encrypt your home directory. Full disk +encryption (as with any GNU/Linux based system) requires you to do it +during installation. If you want home directory encryption, we got +you covered. If you want full disk encryption, you can install the OS +from a USB stick to get that.
+这些设备是如何发货的？
+在美国联邦快递公司，以及国际货运公司。
+How are the +devices shipped?
+By FedEx in +USA, and USPS for International shipments.
+硬件杀灭开关(HKS)如何工作?为什么它们是重要的?
+HKS在物理上切断了手机/网络摄像头的电源，以及设备中的无线/蓝牙无线设备。在一些案例中，大型政府机构或附近的黑客远程访问这些设备，打开电脑，或者通过麦克风或网络摄像头查看或监听。把摄像机打开和关闭的软件解决方案很容易被绕过。HKS从物理上切断了附件的电子电路。没有电力, +不运作。当开关被打开的时候，配件就很简单地关闭了，无法远程打开。
+这对于安全特性和您自己的想法很重要。你不再需要担心私人通信被录下来，或者有人通过网络摄像头监视你。父母尤其可以享受这一特征，以帮助保护他们的孩子。
+WiFi的开关可以打开，同时拔出以太网的电线将确保您的真正离线计算的便利。然后当你想用麦克风/网络摄像头或无线/蓝牙的时候，只要打开开关，就能把电源恢复到附件里。
+How do the +Hardware Kill Switches (HKS) work? Why do they matter?
+The HKS +physically cut the power going to the microphone/webcam and the +wifi/bluetooth radios in the device. There have been several cases +where either big government agencies or nearby hackers have remotely +accessed these devices to turn on computers or otherwise view or +listen in through the microphone or web camera. Software solutions of +turning the camera on and off can be easily bypassed. The HKS +physically cut the electronic circuit to the accessory. No power, no +work. When the switches are thrown the accessory is, quite simply, +off, and can not be remotely turned back on.
+This matters +as a security feature and for your own piece of mind. No longer do +you have to worry about private communications being recorded or +someone looking back at you through the webcam. Parents can +especially enjoy this feature to help protect their children.
+The switch for +the WiFi can be thrown and along with pulling out the ethernet cord +will ensure you the convenience of true off line computing. Then when +you want to use either the microphone/web camera or the +WiFi/Bluetooth, simply return power to the accessory by turning the +switch.
+使用Librem有什么好处？
+Librem运行PureOS作为操作系统。这个操作系统是基于Linux内核的，隐私和安全专家认为这是非常安全的。这是由于它是自由软件，源代码是可用的，这意味着具有适当技术技能的人可以很容易地阅读、查看和理解操作系统的语言。你所使用的操作系统，比如Windows和OS +X是不自由的，源代码是由微软和苹果公司控制的。这个非自由的软件，源代码在专有的操作系统中是不可用的，因此不可能完全阅读和理解计算机语言，因此不可能完全知道你的微软或苹果电脑正在做什么，或者它是否安全。
+What are the +benefits of using a Librem?
+The Librem +runs PureOS as it’s operating system. This operating system is +based upon the Linux kernel and is viewed by privacy and security +experts as being incredibly secure. This is due to it being free +software where the source code is available, meaning that people with +proper technical skill can easily read, view and understand the +language of the operating system. Operating systems that you are used +to such as Windows and OS X are non-free and the source code is held +by Microsoft and Apple. This non-free software, where the source code +is not available in proprietary OSes makes it impossible to fully +read and understand the computer language thereby making it +impossible to fully know what your Microsoft or Apple based computer +is doing or if it is secure.
+在盒子里有什么?
+你的Librem和电源线。
+What do I get +in the box?
+Your Librem +and power cord.
+什么是Librem +?
+Librem这个名字来源于制作一台真正自由的笔记本电脑的愿望。Libre是一个形容词，意思是“自由的，不受限制”，用来区别于免费的意思 +“Free of +Charge”。在gnu/linux社区中，Libre（#这个词）被广泛地使用，以表明软件是自由的，因为它的源代码是可用的，而不是那些无法查看源代码的非自由软件。Libre也可以很容易地翻译成各种语言。添加“m”是为了帮助它（#发音的时候）卷舌头。
+What is a +Librem?
+The Librem +name originated with the desire to make a truly freedom respecting +laptop. Libre is an adjective meaning “free, at liberty” and is +used to distinguish it from gratis which means “free of charge”. +Libre is used extensively in the GNU/Linux community to show that +software is free in the sense that its source code is available as +opposed to non-free software where the source code can not be viewed. +Libre also translates easily to a variety of languages. The “m” +was added to help it roll of the tongue.
+Librem的箱子(主体)是什么?
+外壳是纯铝，带有黑色阳极氧化处理。
+What the +Librem’s cases (bodies) made of?
+The outer +shell is solid aluminum with a black anodized finish.
+我在哪里可以看到你们的保修/退货政策?
+请参阅保单页面以获得我们的担保、退货和退款政策。
+Where can I +read about your warranty/return policy?
+See the +policies page for our warranty, returns & refunds policy.
+为什么这么贵?支付更多费用的好处是什么?
+我们正在努力降低librem的价格。事实上，我们在2016年4月将Librem +13的价格降低了200多美元!简而言之，这完全是供求关系的经济学问题。随着对尊重隐私和安全计算的需求越来越大，价格将会下降，因为我们将能够为我们出色的计算机订购更多的部件。
+事实是，我们需要资金来发展成为一项业务。我们的利润率已经很低了。支持一个注重隐私和安全的计算机制造商的好处是巨大的，但帮助我们的决定是你的。
+Why does it +cost so much? What’s the benefits of paying more?
+We are working +hard to bring down the price of the Librems. In fact, we were able to +reduce the price of the Librem 13 in April 2016 by over $200! In the +simplest terms, it is the sheer economics of supply and demand. As +there is more demand for privacy respecting and secure computing, the +price will come down because as we will be able to order more parts +for our wonderful computers.
+The truth is +that we need capital in order to grow as a business. We are already +working with thin margins. The benefits to supporting a privacy and +security focused computer manufacturer are vast but the decision to +help us is yours.
+为什么它成本这么多?支付更多费用的好处是什么?
+我们正在努力降低Librem的价格。事实上，我们在2016年4月将Librem +13的价格降低了200多美元!简而言之，这完全是供求关系的经济学问题。随着对尊重隐私和安全计算的需求越来越大，价格将会下降，因为我们将能够为我们出色的计算机订购更多的部件。
+事实是，我们需要资金来发展成为一项业务。我们的利润率已经很低了。支持一个注重隐私和安全的计算机制造商的好处是巨大的，但帮助我们的决定是你的。
+We are working +hard to bring down the price of the Librems. In fact, we were able to +reduce the price of the Librem 13 in April 2016 by over $200! In the +simplest terms, it is the sheer economics of supply and demand. As +there is more demand for privacy respecting and secure computing, the +price will come down because as we will be able to order more parts +for our wonderful computers.
+The truth is +that we need capital in order to grow as a business. We are already +working with thin margins. The benefits to supporting a privacy and +security focused computer manufacturer are vast but the decision to +help us is yours.
+为什么它这么贵？
+一些用户认为Librem非常有价值。其他人则认为它太贵了。这完全取决于你住在哪里，以及你把剧本和什么比较。如果你把Librem和其他高端个人电脑(如高端联想(Lenovo)或MacBook +Pro)进行逐一对比，它的定价相当，甚至更低。如果你把Librem比作在使用过的2008年Thinkpad上安装GNU/Linux，那么它是很昂贵的。随着销售量的增加，我们将能够以更低的价格获得和采购零部件。规模经济将在未来使价格下降。Librem是一个坚固的，手工制作的，非常高质量的，精品的“微酿”计算机，在我们的美国工厂中精心组装。
+Why is it so +expensive?
+Some users +think the Librem is a very good value. Others think it is too +expensive. This all depends on where you live, and what you are +comparing the Librem to. If you compare the Librem, feature by +feature, to other high end PCs, such as a high end Lenovo or a +MacBook Pro it is priced comparably, or even lower priced. If you +compare the Librem to installing GNU/Linux on a used 2008 Thinkpad, +it’s expensive. As sales volume increases we will be able to obtain +and source components at a lower price. Economies of scale will bring +prices down in the future. The Librem is a solid, hand-built, very +high quality, boutique “microbrewed” computer, assembled with +care to your specifications in our facility in the USA.
+Librem是否有替换和升级部件？
+是的，可以订购无线卡、RAM、 +2.5寸 +SATA驱动器 +和M2 SSD、 +电源适配器。电池在美国国内可以买到，电池的国际运输是根据具体情况而定的(由于诸如此类的承运人限制)。
+Will the +Librem have replacement and upgrade parts?
+Yes, it is +possible to order replacements for the wireless card, RAM, 2.5″ +SATA drive and M.2 SSD, power adapter. Batteries are available within +the USA, international shipment for batteries is on a case-by-case +basis (due to carrier restrictions such as these).
+(PureOS & +Software)
+我可以匿名浏览吗?
+是的，你可以安装和设置洋葱路由器（Tor）。
+Tor提供在线匿名服务，旨在保护您的隐私，防御网络监控和流量分析。Tor阻止人们了解你的位置或浏览习惯。
+Can I browse +anonymously?
+Yes, you can +install and setup The Onion Router (Tor).
+Tor provides +anonymity online, designed to protect your privacy, defending against +network surveillance and traffic analysis. Tor prevents people from +learning your location or browsing habits.
+我可以在 Librem +上安装 Debian、 +Redhat 和 +Ubuntu吗？
+是的，您可以自由地为另一个操作系统删除默认的 +Purism +OS（这是基于Debian测试版的），但是重要的是要注意安装一个非自由的发行版将包含神秘的软件，您不能确切地知道它到底做了什么。因此，我们建议使用任何自由的 +GNU / +Linux发行版。Debian(main)也是一个完全自由的发行版，但它提供了一个从非自由来源安装的选项。
+Can I install +Debian, Redhat, Ubuntu on a Librem?
+Yes, you have +the freedom to remove the default Purism OS (which is Debian Testing +based) for another OS, but it important to note installing a non-free +distribution will contain mystery software, which you cannot know +with certainty what it actually does. So it is our recommendation to +use any free GNU/Linux distributions. Debian (main) is also a +completely free distribution, but it offers installation from +non-free sources as an option.
+Can I install +Debian, Redhat, Ubuntu on a Librem?
+Yes, you have +the freedom to remove the default Purism OS (which is Debian Testing +based) for another OS, but it important to note installing a non-free +distribution will contain mystery software, which you cannot know +with certainty what it actually does. So it is our recommendation to +use any free GNU/Linux distributions. Debian (main) is also a +completely free distribution, but it offers installation from +non-free sources as an option.
+我可以运行Windows应用程序吗?
+是也不是。您可以使用三个可用的应用程序:Wine、 +Play on +Linux +和Crossover，在基于GNU/Linux的机器上运行Windows应用程序。请查看他们网站上的列表，以了解与您感兴趣的特定应用程序的兼容性。从技术上讲，您可以使用我们的虚拟机应用程序, +Boxes，在PureOS中运行完整的Windows操作系统，并运行您喜欢的所有Windows应用程序。就像所有的虚拟机一样，你的Librem的性能也会下降。
+请注意，在隐私或安全方面，Purism +不建议做任何这些方法。运行 +.exe 或 +.msi +安装程序可以打开计算机的安全漏洞，恶意软件和其他隐私问题。但是，如果您感兴趣或需要运行某个Windows应用程序，则可以这样做。
+Can I run +Windows applications?
+Yes and no. +You can use three available applications, Wine, Play on Linux and +Crossover, to run Windows applications on a GNU/Linux based machine. +Please check the listings on their websites for compatibility with +the particular application that you are interested in running. For +the more technically inclined, you can use our included virtual +machine application, Boxes, to run a full Windows operating system +inside PureOS and run any and all Windows application that you like. +As with all virtual machines, there will be a performance decline of +your Librem.
+Please note +that Purism cannot recommend doing any of these methods for privacy +or security purposes. Running a .exe or.msi installer can open one’s +computer to security holes, malware and other privacy concerns. +However, this can be done if you are interested or need to run a +certain Windows application.
+PureOS +可以保护我免受病毒、恶意软件和敲诈者吗?
+从本质上说，PureOS不受大多数形式的病毒和恶意软件的影响，因为它是基于Linux内核的。用最简单的话说，内核是任何操作系统的基础。从那里，我们预先安装了进一步的保护措施，以确保你的安全、隐私和安全。
+GrSecurity通过加强Linux内核，密封潜在的漏洞和安全漏洞提供了额外的安全保障。它是一种通过减少内核可能看到的威胁来保护内核的方法。
+ClamAV是一种反病毒和恶意软件保护工具。
+简单的防火墙通过不允许连接到你的电脑来帮助你保持安全。
+这些服务是免费提供的，几乎不需要用户的输入。
+此外，我们的硬件关闭开关允许您物理切断与蓝牙和WiFi的连接，让您真正的离线计算。
+Can PureOS +protect me from viruses, malware and cryptolocker?
+By its nature, +PureOS is immune from most forms of virus and malware because it is +based upon the Linux kernel. In simplest terms, the kernel is the +foundation of any operating system. From there, we pre-install +further protections in order to help keep you safe, private and +secure.
+GrSecurity +provides added security by hardening the Linux kernel, sealing +potential leaks and security holes. It is an approach to secure the +kernel by reducing the threats the kernel could see.
+ClamAV is an +anti-virus and malware protection tool.
+Uncomplicated +Fire Wall helps to keep you secure by not allowing connections to +your computer.
+These services +are provided free of cost and with little necessary input from the +user.
+Further, our +Hardware Kill Switches allow for you to physically cut the connection +to Bluetooth and WiFi allowing you true offline computing.
+你有没有贴广告或者偷卖我的数据?
+没有。简单来说，我们不会向您展示广告，也不关心挖掘您的数据。你的数据，你的照片，你的浏览历史——那是属于你自己的。我们作为一家公司存在，因为我们个人想要更好地控制我们自己的数据。我们认为您会这样做。
+Do you put up +ads or steal and sell my data?
+No. Quite +simply, we will not show you advertisements nor do we care about +mining your data. Your data, your pictures, your browsing history – +that’s for you and you alone. We exist as a company because we +personally wanted to have better control of our own data. And we +think you do to.
+我如何使用PureOS?
+有问题吗?在我们的论坛上，在Twitter上，或者向 + +support +at puri dot sm 给我们发一封电子邮件。
+How do I use +PureOS?
+Have a +question? Ask us and the community in our forums, on Twitter or send +us an email at support(at)puri.sm
+PureOS与其他GNU/Linux发行版有何不同?
+PureOS基于另一个名为Debian的GNU/Linux操作系统。Debian认为，正如我们所做的，软件应该是自由（Free/Libre）和开源 +（OpenSource） +的。我们包括我们自己的“Spin”，包括安全特性和一些最好的应用程序，以提供巨大的生产力和乐趣。我们还包含了 +PureBrowser，这是一个基于著名的Mozilla技术的关注隐私和安全的web浏览器。PureBrowser将所有的猜测（GuessWork）都排除在安全私密浏览之外，同时保持你所习惯的体验。
+How is PureOS +different from other GNU/Linux distributions?
+PureOS is +based on another GNU/Linux OS called Debian. Debian believes, as we +do, that software should be free/libre and open source. We include +our own “spin”, include security features and bundle some of the +best applications to provide tremendous productivity and enjoyment. +We also include PureBrowser, a privacy and security focused web +browser based upon well-known Mozilla technologies. PureBrowser takes +all of the guesswork out of having secure and private browsing while +maintaining the experience that you are used to.
+其他安装的应用程序接收更新的频率是多少？
+应用程序的编写者和维护者经常进行更新、新特性和Bug修复(在需要时)。由于这在很大程度上是基于他们自己的计划，所以无法提供一个确定的时间框架。
+How often do +other installed applications receive updates?
+There are +frequent updates, new features and bug fixes (when needed) by the +writers and maintainers of the application. A set time frame can not +be provided as this is largely based upon their own plans.
+PureOS多久会收到更新?
+PureOS每天都有安全更新和Bug修复。
+How often will +PureOS receive updates?
+PureOS is +updated daily with security updates and bug fixes.
+如何找到通用Windows或Mac软件的替代程序？
+许多用户不知道他们想要使用的某些专有Windows或Mac软件有哪些可供选择的程序。确定有哪些替代程序的最简单方法是打开“添加/删除应用程序”，在这里您可以按名称键入您熟悉的软件，以查看替代程序列表。您可以很容易地安装它们，尝试它们，并从“添加/删除应用程序”中删除它们。如果没有匹配您正在寻找的确切名称，您可以按类别浏览，或者泛化您的搜索。如果你喜欢网络搜索，你可以使用osalt.com。
+这是 "Excel" +的一个例子：
+
+
+
这是 "PhotoShop" +的一个例子：
+
+
+
这是"视频通话"的一个例子：
+
+
+
How to find +alternative programs to common Windows or Mac software?
+A lot of users +are unaware of what alternative programs are available for certain +proprietary Windows or Mac software they would like to use. The +easiest way to determine what alternative programs there are is to +open up ‘Add/Remove Applications’, where you can type the +software you are familiar with by name to see a list of alternatives. +You can easily install these, try them out, and remove them right +from ‘Add/Remove Applications’. If there is no match for the +exact name you’re looking for, you can browse by category, or +generalize your search. If you prefer a web search, you can use +osalt.com.
+Here is an +example for ‘Excel’:
+
+
+
Here is an +example for ‘Photoshop’:
+
+
+
Here is an +example for ‘Skype’ that is generalized to ‘Video Call’:
+
+
+
Return to Top
+如何播放YouTube视频？
+YouTube默认使用HTML5，因为flash是非自由软件。如果你碰巧用的是flash你应该把youtube的默认设置变成html5。
+转到YouTube的HTML5视频播放器，点击“请求HTML5播放器”。
+这显示的是 “请求HTML5播放器”：
+
+
+
这显示了 “在可能的时候使用HTML5播放器”。
+
+
+
How to play +YouTube videos?
+YouTube uses +HTML5 by default as flash is nonfree software. If you happen to be +using flash you should change youtube to use html5 by default.
+Head on over +to YouTube HTML5 Video Player, and click the “Request the HTML5 +player”.
+This shows the +“Request the HTML5 player”:
+
+
+
This shows +after clicked “The HTML5 player is currently used when possible.”
+
+
+
使用PureOS有什么好处？
+PureOS比苹果(Apple)、谷歌或微软(Microsoft)等非自由操作系统更安全、更安全地使用和浏览网页。Linux内核和基于Linux的操作系统不受大多数病毒和恶意软件的影响。
+What are the +benefits of using PureOS?
+PureOS allows +for a more safe and secure use and web browsing experience than +non-free operating systems like those found on Apple, Google or +Microsoft devices. The Linux Kernel and Linux based operating systems +are immune from most viruses and malware.
+什么类型的网络威胁可以通过Librem来预防?
+所有的威胁都与用户与他们的设备的交互联系在一起。默认情况下，Librem不会跟踪或记录您的按键、位置和软件使用情况。它有应用程序隔离（使用Wayland）和SELinux。
+What kind of +cyberthreats can be prevented with a Librem?
+All threats +are bonded a lot to user interaction with their device. Librem by +default doesn’t track or log your keypresses, location, software +usage. It has app isolation (with Wayland) and SELinux enabled.
+是什么让PureBrowser如此特别？它将如何保护我？
+PureBrowser是“基于Mozilla技术”*的。我们安装了一些最好的附加组件来提供标准web浏览器默认安装中没有的保护。我们把烦恼和担忧从你身上移开，只安装最好的。
+*: +Mozilla的措辞，不是我们的…
+What makes +PureBrowser so special? How will it protect me?
+PureBrowser is +“based on Mozilla technology”*. We install several of the best +available add-ons to offer protections not found in a standard web +browser default installation. We take the worries and concerns away +from you and install only the best.
+*: Mozilla’s +wording, not ours…
+我能安装CAD和设计软件吗？
+是的，有很多CAD应用程序，有些被列为“专业的”，在GNU/Linux系统(如LibreCAD)上非常流行:
+LibreCAD是一个二维（2D）计算机辅助设计（CAD）的应用程序。使用LibreCAD，您可以创建技术图纸，如建筑平面图、室内、机械部件或示意图和图表。
+主页:http://www.librecad.org/
+
+
+
Will I be able +to install CAD and design software?
+Yes, there are +plenty of CAD applications, some are listed as ‘professional’ and +are quite popular on GNU/Linux systems such as LibreCAD:
+LibreCAD is an +application for computer aided design (CAD) in two dimensions (2D). +With LibreCAD you can create technical drawings such as plans for +buildings, interiors, mechanical parts or schematics and diagrams.
+Homepage: +http://www.librecad.org/
+
+
+
Librem能帮助我避免数据泄露吗?
+如果使用得当，Librem将比Windows和Mac +OS x更难以进行数据入侵。它集成了完整的磁盘加密、所有最好的GNU/Linux安全实践、沙盒应用程序和强化的安全特性。
+Will the +Librem help me avoid data breaches?
+Properly used, +Librem will make it by magnitudes harder to have data breaches +compared to Windows and Mac OS X. It has integrated full disk +encryption, all of the best GNU/Linux security practices, sand boxed +applications, and hardened security features.
+(Technical & +Advanced)
+我可以购买一个具有专有BIOS/UEFI的Librem吗?
+不。我们附带自由软件固件Coreboot。我们不提供Librem +13或Librem +15任何专有的BIOS/UEFI。
+Can I buy a +Librem with a proprietary BIOS/UEFI?
+No. We ship +with the free software firmware coreboot. We don’t ship Librem 13 +or Librem 15 with any proprietary BIOS/UEFI.
+Librem +的CPU是支持X还是Y的?
+在我们的商店里有关于详细的CPU规格的链接，但是这里也有旧版本的列表(强调目前的硬件版本):
+Librem +11:M-5Y10c Librem 13 rev1:i5 - 5200 u Librem 13 rev2:i5 - 6200 u +Librem 15 rev2:i7 - 5557 u Librem 15 rev3:i7 - 6500 u+
Do Librem CPUs +support feature X or Y?
+There are +links to detailed CPU specs in our store, but here’s the list also +for older revisions (current hardware revision is emphasized):
+Librem +11: M-5Y10c Librem 13 rev1: i5-5200U Librem 13 rev2: i5-6200U Librem +15 rev2: i7-5557U Librem 15 rev3: i7-6500U+
Librem设备支持coreboot吗？
+是的，Librem +13v2和Librem +15v3是预装了coreboot的。
+对于以前版本的Librem硬件遵循 +https://puri.sm/coreboot/ +页面。了解有关coreboot支持的硬件。
+Do Librem +devices support coreboot?
+Yes, Librem +13v2 and Librem 15v3 come with coreboot pre-installed.
+For previous +versions of Librem hardware follow the https://puri.sm/coreboot/ page +to learn about coreboot supported hardware.
+你们支持Qubes操作系统吗？
+虽然没有官方认证，但我们的笔记本电脑通常可以很好地使用Qubes操作系统。
+我们可以在USB密钥上提供Qubes +OS安装程序，但我们不再提供它作为预加载的SSD选项。
+运行Qubes操作系统时，如果需要技术支持，请参考Qubes社区。
+Do you support +Qubes OS?
+While there is +no official certification, our laptops are generally found to work +fine with Qubes OS.
+We may offer +the Qubes OS installer on a USB key as an option, but we no longer +offer it as a pre-loaded SSD option.
+For technical +support when running Qubes OS, please refer to the Qubes community.
+所有为GNU/Linux设计的软件应用程序都在PureOS上运行吗?
+在Debian中打包的每一个软件都应该运行在PureOS上。
+Does every +software application designed for GNU/Linux run on PureOS?
+Every software +packaged in Debian should run on PureOS.
+高通公司的AR9485无线适配器是否使用一个免费的驱动程序？
+简短的回答:是的。
+更长的答案是，Purism使用Debian +main作为我们的发行版基础，根据定义，它将所有软件中的任何非自由软件和任何二进制文件都删除了。Debian的Linux内核是从主线Linux内核中剥离所有非自由的组件，并将它们放入单独的包中。高通公司的AR9485无线网络适配器使用的驱动程序是ath9k。
+Does the +Qualcomm Atheros AR9485 wireless adapter use a free driver?
+Short answer: +Yes.
+Longer answer, +Purism is using Debian main as our base distribution, which by +definition strips any non-free software as well as any binary blobs +from all software. Debian’s Linux kernel is strips of all non-free +components from mainline Linux kernel and puts them into separate +package. The driver that the Qualcomm Atheros AR9485 Wireless Network +Adapter uses is the ath9k.
+Realtek +RTL8111/8168/8411以太网适配器是否使用免费驱动程序?
+简短的回答:是的。
+更长的回答是，Purism使用Debian +main作为我们的发行版基础，根据定义，它会将任何非自由软件以及所有软件中的任何二进制blobs都去掉。Debian的Linux内核是从主线Linux内核中剥离所有非自由的组件，并将它们放入单独的包中。瑞昱RTL8111/8168/8411以太网适配器的驱动程序使用的是deblobbed +r8169。
+Does the +Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411 ethernet adapter use a free driver?
+Short answer: +Yes.
+Longer answer, +Purism is using Debian main as our base distribution, which by +definition strips any non-free software as well as any binary blobs +from all software. Debian’s Linux kernel is strips of all non-free +components from mainline Linux kernel and puts them into separate +package. The driver that the Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411 Ethernet +Adapter uses is the deblobbed r8169.
+您为主存储器提供了哪些组件选项？
+SATA III, M.2 +是 PCIe +SSD。
+What component +options you are offering for the primary storage?
+SATA III SSD, +and the M.2 is PCIe SSD.
+什么隐秘代码或二进制斑点仍然保留在 +Purism +笔记本电脑中? +他们有什么问题吗？
+安全性是一种深度的游戏，而 +Purism +比任何厂商都要更深入的通过在计算机的前四层中避免blob或神秘代码:应用程序，操作系统，内核，和引导程序。
+在固件级别，我们使用 +Coreboot，而不是专有的BIOS/UEFI，这对于当前的高端笔记本来说是一个巨大的进步。在Coreboot内部还是有一些二进制文件，主要是英特尔的管理引擎。我们有了解放整个固件的最终目标，我们正在慢慢地解决这个问题，正如你可以在这里看到的：
+https://puri.sm/road-to-fsf-ryf-endorsement-and-beyond/
+我们“尽可能接近自由软件基金会在英特尔CPU上尊重您的自由”。但是，正在投入大量的资金实现 +Coreboot +二进制代码的自由。
+Security is a +game of depth, and Purism goes deeper than any manufacturer by +avoiding blobs or mystery code in the top 4 layers of a computer: +applications, operating system, kernel, and bootloader.
+At the +firmware level, we utilize Coreboot instead of a proprietary +BIOS/UEFI, a huge advancement for current high-end laptops. Within +Coreboot there is still some binaries, primarily the Intel Management +Engine. We have the end-goal of freeing the entire firmware, and we +are inching our way toward solving that, as you can follow along +here:
+https://puri.sm/road-to-fsf-ryf-endorsement-and-beyond/
+We are “as +close to free software foundations respects your freedom as possible +with current Intel CPUs.” but are spending real money to advance +that toward Coreboot binary freedom.
+当一个网站声称一个软件（比如一个硬件驱动程序）被设计为在GNU/Linux上运行时，软件（驱动程序）也会运行在像PureOS这样的操作系统上吗？
+PureOS是GNU/Linux，所有网站都使用基于Mozilla技术的PureBrowser浏览器。
+有一些（越来越少的*）使用Flash的网站，我们不推荐Flash，因为它的二进制，专有的，非自由的状态。当然，你可以自由地使用电脑来做你想做的事。
+*: +自2012年以来，网站上Flash的使用量一直在缓慢下降，2015年降至10%以下。
+When a website +states that a software (like a hardware driver) is designed to run on +GNU/Linux will that software (driver) also run on an operating system +like PureOS?
+PureOS is +GNU/Linux, all websites work with PureBrowser, which is based on +Mozilla technologies.
+There are some +(increasingly rare*) websites that use Flash, and we do not recommend +Flash, due to its binary, proprietary, non-free status. But of course +you are free to do with the computer what you will.
+*: usage of +Flash on websites has been in slow decline since 2012, falling below +10% in 2015.
+我能自己安装第二个HDD +/ SSD和m2 +SSD吗?
+是的。但请记住，你可能需要额外的东西，比如螺丝和铝制框架来安装磁盘，默认情况下在我们的笔记本电脑上是不会出现的。
+Would I be +able to install (myself) my own choice of second HDD/SSD and M.2 SSD?
+Yes. But bear +in mind you might need additional stuff like screws and aluminium +frames for mounting the disk, which don’t come by default with our +laptops.
+END + +
+Mozilla的措辞，不是我们的…↩
+
+
+
+
作者信息：Copyright +© 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This page is +licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United +States License.+
翻译者：IFRFSX. + +，“（* +）”内的文字是添加的补充注释。+
翻译文本的许可证：CC +BY 4.0+
GNU +Affero 通用公共许可证是由普通的GNU +公共许可证的修改版。它有一个额外要求：如果您在服务器上运行一个（* +由GNU +AGPL许可的）修改版的软件，并且让其他用户与这个软件与它（* +这个程序）通信，那么这个服务器也必须允许他们下载（* +这个）正在运行的修改版本相对应的源代码。
+The +GNU Affero General Public License is a modified version of the +ordinary GNU GPL version 3. It has one added requirement: if you run +a modified program on a server and let other users communicate with +it there, your server must also allow them to download the source +code corresponding to the modified version running there.+
GNU +Affero GPL 的用途是防止影响（* +那些）在服务器上经常使用的自由程序的开发人员的问题。+
假设您在普通的GNU +GPL下开发和发布程序，如果开发人员 +D +修改了程序并且发布了它，GPL要求他在GPL下发布他的版本。因此，如果您获得了他的修改版本，（* +那么）您可以自由地将他的部分或全部更改合并到您自己的版本中。
+The +purpose of the GNU Affero GPL is to prevent a problem that affects +developers of free programs that are often used on servers.+
Suppose +you develop and release a free program under the ordinary GNU GPL. If +developer D modifies the program and releases it, the GPL requires +him to distribute his version under the GPL too. Thus, if you get a +copy of his version, you are free to incorporate some or all of his +changes into your own version.+
但是假如这个程序在服务器上很有用，当 +D +修改程序时，他很有可能会在自己的服务器上运行它，而不会发布副本。然后，您将永远得不到他的版本的源代码副本，您可能不喜欢那样的结果。 +使用 GNU +Affero 通用公共许可证（* +GNU AGPL）（* +可以）避免了这种结果。如果D在每个人都可以使用的服务器上运行他的版本，那么您也可以也可以使用它。假如他遵守许可证要求，让服务器的用户下载他的版本的源代码，那么您（* +也）可以这样在做，然后您可以将他的修改合并到您的版本中。（如果他没有遵守，您的律师就会投诉他。）
+But +suppose the program is mainly useful on servers. When D modifies the +program, he might very likely run it on his own server and never +release copies. Then you would never get a copy of the source code of +his version, so you would never have the chance to include his +changes in your version. You may not like that outcome.+
Using +the GNU Affero GPL avoids that outcome. If D runs his version on a +server that everyone can use, you too can use it. Assuming he has +followed the license requirement to let the server's users download +the source code of his version, you can do so, and then you can +incorporate his changes into your version. (If he hasn't followed it, +you have your lawyer complain to him.)+
普通的GNU +通用公共许可证 +第3版 +和GNU +Affero GPL（* +第三版）1 +都有(* +一段)文本允许您在一个程序中将这两个许可证下的模块链接在一起。
+GNU +Affero GPL并没有解决“服务作为软件替代品(SaaSS)”的问题。
+SaaSS的意思是，用户使用其他人的web服务器来完成他们自己的计算。这要求他们将数据发送到服务器，服务器为他们进行计算，并将结果发送回给他们。SaaSS是一种不公正的现象，因为用户无法控制其计算过程。
+如果这个服务器上的某个程序是在GNU +Affero GPL下发布的，那么服务器就需要为用户提供相应的程序源(* +代码)。这很好，但是拥有这个源代码并不会让他们控制服务器上的计算。它也没有告诉他们其他软件可能在服务器上运行，(* +以及)在其他方面检查或更改他们的数据。
+我们没有看到任何合理的方法来解决关于特定程序的许可证条件下的SaaSS问题。甚至写一个区分 +使用SaaSS +和 +不使用SaaSS +的法律条件也是一种挑战，我们没有看到任何程序的许可证 +可能需要在SaaSS案例中纠正SaaSS固有的错误。因此，我们对SaaSS问题的解决方案很简单：拒绝使用SaaSS服务。
+如果一个程序是专门针对SaaSS的，你不应该写它。但是许多程序对于各种各样的服务是有用的，包括一些是SaaSS和一些不是。编写和发行这些程序是很有用的，这样人们就可以和它们（* +，也就是这些程序一起）建立非saass服务，并且可以在AGPL下发行它们。
+Both +the ordinary GNU GPL, version 3, and the GNU Affero GPL have text +allowing you to link together modules under these two licenses in one +program.+
The +GNU Affero GPL does not address the problem of Service as a Software +Substitute (SaaSS).+
SaaSS +means that users use someone else's web server to do their own +computing. This requires them to send their data to the server, which +does their computing for them and sends the results back to them. +SaaSS is an injustice because the users cannot control their +computing when it's done that way.+
If +some program on this server is released under the GNU Affero GPL, the +server is required to offer the users the corresponding source of +that program. That is good, but having this source code does not give +them control over the computing done on that server. It also does not +tell them what other software may be running on that server, +examining or changing their data in other ways.+
We +don't see any sensible way to address the SaaSS problem with license +conditions on particular programs. Even to write a legal condition to +distinguish between SaaSS use and non-SaaSS use would be a challenge, +and if we had that, we don't see anything that the program's license +might require in the SaaSS case that would correct the inherent wrong +of SaaSS. Thus, our solution to the problem of SaaSS is simple: +refuse to use services that are SaaSS.+
If +a program is meant specifically and only for SaaSS, you shouldn't +write it. But many programs are useful for a variety of kinds of +services, including some that are SaaSS and some that are not. It's +useful to write and release these programs so people can set up +non-SaaSS services with them, and good to release them under the +AGPL.+
根据GNU官方的说明，Affero + 通用公共许可证第 + 1 + 版不是一个 + GNU + 许可证，但它设计的目标与 + GNU + AGPL 类似。 + * + 具体请参见：GNU + 许可证页面;↩
+| GetGNULinux | ++ | +
| Pexels 图片分享网站 | ++ + | +
| 开源中国 | ++ + | +
| LibrePlanet 社区 | ++ + | +
| 百度贴吧 | ++ + | +
| FBReader 电子书阅读软件 | ++ + | +
| VideoLan | ++ + | +
| 码云（Gitee） | +Minetest 论坛 | +
| Parabola GNU/Linux | +MaiPix 图库 | +
| Replicant | +Pixabay 图片分享网站 | +
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+ 冰枫蓝叶——火灵X的个人网站 +站长Email: + 1079092922@qq.com +背景音乐：点此 | + 作者：JnoDis（WYL + PUMP）,许可证：CC + BY-NC + 4.0 + |
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Copyright（C）2018 +IFRFSX
+Some +Right Received.
+如无特别说明，本站所有网页均以 +知识共享-署名-相同方式共享 +4.0 +许可证发布。
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